Chapter 7 Marine
Sources of the oceans' salts are believed to include: a. the earth atmosphere of the earth b. the earths crust c. all of these choices d. volcanic eruptions
c. all of these choices
An acid is a substance that: a. is referred to as an alkaline solution b. combines with hydrogen ion in solution c. releases a hydrogen ion in solution d. releases an excess of hydroxide ion
c. releases a hydrogen ion in solution
Saying that the ocean is buffered means that it:
can't get too acidic or too alkaline
A cubic meter of _______ _______ water usually contains a __________ volume of dissolved gases than a cubic meter of ______ __________ water
chilly, polar, greater, warm, tropical
The ion that has the longest residence time in the ocean is ________.
chloride
Oxygen concentrations usually __________ through __________ depths and then ______ again toward the bottom
decrease, middle, rise
In water, an increase in salinity results in a(n) ________ in heat capacity and a(n) ________ in freezing point.
decrease; decrease Heat capacity decreases with increasing salinity; that is, less heat is necessary to raise the temperature of seawater by 1° than to raise the temperature of fresh water by 1°
In water, an increase in salinity results in a(n) ________ in evaporation rate; a(n) ________ in osmotic pressure.
decrease; increase Osmotic pressure, the pressure exerted on a biological membrane when the salinity of the environment is different from that within the cells, rises with increasing salinity.
The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering of surface rocks are called
excess violates
Most gases enter the ocean from ________. They dissolve most readily in ________ water.
the sea surface, cold
Are saturation levels a factor on the salinity of a particular region of the ocean?
No
What is the average pH of seawater
8.0
What two components make up a solution?
A solvent and a solute
A substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution is an:
Acid
What is the base of Coffee
Acidic
What is the base of seawater
Alkaline
The random movement of materials (gases, atoms, ions, molecules, etc.) through a solution
Diffusion
Oxygen enters seawater mainly through the oxidation of metal ions in seawater. True or False?
False
The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is oxygen. True or False?
False The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is nitrogen, which comprises greater than 78% of the volume of gases present.
Principle of Constant Proportions is also know as:
Forchhammers Principle
A close intermingling of different substances that still remain separate identities is called a
Mixture
The pressure exerted on a biological membrane when the salinity of the environment is different from that within the cells
Osmotic Pressure
The principle that states that the proportions of major conservative elements in seawater remain nearly constant is called
Principle of Constant Proportions or Forchhammers Principle
The average length of time an atom of an element spends in the ocean is called
Residence Time
An electronic device that measures electrical conductivity of seawater
Salinometers
The amount of carbon dioxide is very:
Small
Unlike _________, gases dissolve more readily in _______ water.
Solids; cold
How active a chemical is in water affects the residence time. True or False?
True
Marine chemists used a sensitive chemical procedure involving a silver nitrate solution to measure chlorination of seawater. True or False?
True
Nitrogen must first be bound, or fixed, into usable chemical forms by specialized organisms (bacteria) to aid organisms who need it. True or False?
True
Residence time is the average length of time an element spends in the ocean. True or False?
True
The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering of surface rocks are called excess volatiles. True or False?
True
The dissolved oxygen concentrations in parts of the tropical ocean may be so low that animals may be unable to survive. True or False?
True
An excess of hydrogen ions in solution makes that solution
acidic
A solution with a pH of 3 is ________.
acidic The higher the pH is over 7, the more alkaline the solution.
An excess of hydroxide ions makes a solution
alkaline
Which of these ions is not a major constituent of seawater? a. sodium b. nitrite c. sulfate d. chloride
b. nitrite The seven most abundant ions in seawater comprise over 99% of the total dissolved material, they are: Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, and Bicarbonate.
Carbon dioxide concentrations __________ with depth
increase
A solution is an acid when:
it has an excess of hydrogen ions.
At middle depth _____ co2 may be present than at the surface
more
What state is the is the solute usually in?
often a dissolved solid or gas
The source of co2 is
respiration of animals, the decay of the remains of organisms, and bacterial respiration
Oceanic residence times calculated to be less than 1,600 yrs are mainly a function of
strong local demand variation