Chapter 7 Marine

Sources of the oceans' salts are believed to include: a. the earth atmosphere of the earth b. the earths crust c. all of these choices d. volcanic eruptions

c. all of these choices

An acid is a substance that: a. is referred to as an alkaline solution b. combines with hydrogen ion in solution c. releases a hydrogen ion in solution d. releases an excess of hydroxide ion

c. releases a hydrogen ion in solution

Saying that the ocean is buffered means that it:

can't get too acidic or too alkaline

A cubic meter of _______ _______ water usually contains a __________ volume of dissolved gases than a cubic meter of ______ __________ water

chilly, polar, greater, warm, tropical

The ion that has the longest residence time in the ocean is ________.

chloride

Oxygen concentrations usually __________ through __________ depths and then ______ again toward the bottom

decrease, middle, rise

In water, an increase in salinity results in a(n) ________ in heat capacity and a(n) ________ in freezing point.

decrease; decrease Heat capacity decreases with increasing salinity; that is, less heat is necessary to raise the temperature of seawater by 1° than to raise the temperature of fresh water by 1°

In water, an increase in salinity results in a(n) ________ in evaporation rate; a(n) ________ in osmotic pressure.

decrease; increase Osmotic pressure, the pressure exerted on a biological membrane when the salinity of the environment is different from that within the cells, rises with increasing salinity.

The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering of surface rocks are called

excess violates

Most gases enter the ocean from ________. They dissolve most readily in ________ water.

the sea surface, cold

Are saturation levels a factor on the salinity of a particular region of the ocean?

No

What is the average pH of seawater

8.0

What two components make up a solution?

A solvent and a solute

A substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution is an:

Acid

What is the base of Coffee

Acidic

What is the base of seawater

Alkaline

The random movement of materials (gases, atoms, ions, molecules, etc.) through a solution

Diffusion

Oxygen enters seawater mainly through the oxidation of metal ions in seawater. True or False?

False

The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is oxygen. True or False?

False The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is nitrogen, which comprises greater than 78% of the volume of gases present.

Principle of Constant Proportions is also know as:

Forchhammers Principle

A close intermingling of different substances that still remain separate identities is called a

Mixture

The pressure exerted on a biological membrane when the salinity of the environment is different from that within the cells

Osmotic Pressure

The principle that states that the proportions of major conservative elements in seawater remain nearly constant is called

Principle of Constant Proportions or Forchhammers Principle

The average length of time an atom of an element spends in the ocean is called

Residence Time

An electronic device that measures electrical conductivity of seawater

Salinometers

The amount of carbon dioxide is very:

Small

Unlike _________, gases dissolve more readily in _______ water.

Solids; cold

How active a chemical is in water affects the residence time. True or False?

True

Marine chemists used a sensitive chemical procedure involving a silver nitrate solution to measure chlorination of seawater. True or False?

True

Nitrogen must first be bound, or fixed, into usable chemical forms by specialized organisms (bacteria) to aid organisms who need it. True or False?

True

Residence time is the average length of time an element spends in the ocean. True or False?

True

The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering of surface rocks are called excess volatiles. True or False?

True

The dissolved oxygen concentrations in parts of the tropical ocean may be so low that animals may be unable to survive. True or False?

True

An excess of hydrogen ions in solution makes that solution

acidic

A solution with a pH of 3 is ________.

acidic The higher the pH is over 7, the more alkaline the solution.

An excess of hydroxide ions makes a solution

alkaline

Which of these ions is not a major constituent of seawater? a. sodium b. nitrite c. sulfate d. chloride

b. nitrite The seven most abundant ions in seawater comprise over 99% of the total dissolved material, they are: Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, and Bicarbonate.

Carbon dioxide concentrations __________ with depth

increase

A solution is an acid when:

it has an excess of hydrogen ions.

At middle depth _____ co2 may be present than at the surface

more

What state is the is the solute usually in?

often a dissolved solid or gas

The source of co2 is

respiration of animals, the decay of the remains of organisms, and bacterial respiration

Oceanic residence times calculated to be less than 1,600 yrs are mainly a function of

strong local demand variation