Chapter 7: Moral Development, Values, and Religion

1/3

In a 2006 study, researchers found that ______ of secondary students admitted they had plagiarized information from the Internet in the last year

- Idealism - Abstract thinking - Logical thinking

In which of the following ways does adolescent thinking contributes to spirituality?

Blank 1: thought Blank 2: behaviors

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral ____________ and not enough on moral ____________

Forgiveness

The description of an injured individual releasing the injuring person from possible behavioral retaliation is called what?

- Decreased truancy in school - Less likely to smoke - Less likely to drink

In a study of 11 to 18 year olds, religiosity has been found to do which of the following?

Blank: is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and the theory of moral reasoning __________

Blank: character

Moral ______ involves having the willpower, desires, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.

- Having the integrity ti stand up to pressure - Showing dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness - Overcoming distractions and disappointments

Moral character involves which of the following components?

- Identity - Virtues - Character

Moral exemplars are people who have moral:

Authoritative mothers

Recent research has found prosocial behaviors in adolescents is promoted by what?

Social cognitive

The distinction between moral development and moral competence is the description of what theory?

Kohlberg

The theorist who developed a theory of adolescent moral development that unfolds in a series of stages was who?

Blank: Moral

Theorists feel parents should use induction to encourage an adolescent's _______ development

- Punishment - Reward

At the preconventional level, what might motivate moral behavior?

Spirituality

Experiencing beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is a description of what?

Blank: care

In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's ______________ perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

Blank: competence

In social cognitive theory the ability to produce moral behaviors is the description of moral ________

- A slim chance of getting caught - Pressure from his friends - It is his nature to do this

Jonah is with his friends who have decided to write notes for their history quiz on their arms. Jonah is likely to go along with this as a result of what?

Blank: Substance

One study of ninth to twelfth graders found those who attended church regularly in one grade were more likely to have lower levels of _________ abuse in the next grade

Preconcentional

"What's in it for me?" describes an attitude common in which level of Kohlberg's model of moral development?

Gratitude

A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation in response to someone doing something kind or helpful is called what?

Blank: Service

A form of education when students provide service to the community is called __________ learning

Blank: Values

A method of providing moral education by helping adolescents clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for is called ________ clarification

The standards of others

According to Kohlberg, people in the conventional reasoning stage of moral development abide by what?

Blank: lowest

According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is the _______ level of moral development

Not as important as peer relations

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is what?

Blank: somewhat later

According to longitiudinal research, the moral stages appeared _________ than Kohlberg initially envisioned

Blank: moral self

Albert Bandura's belief that individuals adopt standards of right and wrong that serve as guides and deterrents for conduct is a description of __________

External expectations

Alden explains to his young son that traffic laws need to be followed by everyone for the good of the community. What factor does this reasoning rely on?

Forgiveness

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called what?

Blank: School

An important context involved in moral development is an adolescent's ____________ (personality/school)

Religion

An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols increasing a person's connection to a sacred other is a description of what?

Altruism

An unselfish interest in helping others is identified as what?

Motivation to act a specific moral way

Austin is thirteen years old. His football coach has told him he demonstrates high moral performance. This description would indicate Austin has which of the following characteristics?

Blank: Integrity

Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk

Values

Beliefs and attitudes about the way thing should be is a description of what?

Care

Carol Gilligan's ______ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

Fast train to demise

Darcia Narvaez and Tracy Gleason have argued recent declines in prosocial behaviors, especially those from the Western culture are on a _________

Altruism

Eighty-year-old, Mary, was struggling to put her groceries in the trunk of her car. Sixteen-year-old, Joshua, saw this as he walked by stopping to put Mary's groceries in the truck and taking her cart back to the store for her. Joshua is demonstrating the act of what?

Blank: Hidden

For many decades schools have taught moral development through a ________ curriculum

- An awareness of moral riles - Being capable of knowing her own skills - The ability to construct behaviors

Fourteen-year-old Sydney has been told by her teacher that she has a high level of moral competence. This description would indicate Sydney has which of the following characteristics?

Blank: Values

In regard to politics, religion, money, sex, education, family, friends, and cheating we attach _______ to our beliefs and attitudes

Blank: domain

In the social _____________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

He interview individuals of different ages

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of how adolescents think about right and wrong?

Blank: Identity

Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life

Blank: regulation

It is the belief of Albert Bandura that self - _____________ rather than abstract reasoning is the key to positive moral development

Blank: gratitude

Jasmine lost her history book, Sylvia helped her find it. Jasmine was appreciative of Sylvia's help demonstrating her ________ for the help

Blank: Essentially unimportant

Kohlberg argued that family processes are ___________ in children's moral development

- Cognitive conflict - Peer interaction - Role taking opportunities

Kohlberg argued that which of the following factors influence an individual's movement through the moral stages?

Blank: service

Leticia is completing a component of her life skills class by volunteering to read to people residing in an assisted living facility in her community. Leticia is taking part in a __________ learning project

Authoritative mother

Meggie volunteers every weekend at a senior living complex in her community. The ladies look forward to Meggie coming as she does their nails and visits with them about her school activities. Meggie has probably been influenced most by her what?

- From those of his parents - Outside himself

Murtaza makes sure to thank people because his parents believe in doing so, and he wants to be a "good boy." In the conventional level of Kohlberg's model, where do Murtaza's standards of morality originate?

Postconventional

Myesha has always been taught by her family and religious leaders to reject those who worship differently. After thinking about it, she realizes that she does not believe this any more. Which level of Kohlberg's model does her reasoning represent?

Blank: declining

Narvaez and Gleason propose postconventional moral reasoning has been _______ in college students.

- Increasing volunteer opportunities - Increased emotional understanding - Improved abstract reasoning

Prosocial behavior appears to increase in adolescents as a result of which of the following?

- Frequency of moral actions for religious reasons - Frequency of discussing religious teachings - The overall importance of religion in everyday life

Religiousness in adolescents has been identified as the inclusion of which of the following?

blank: situation

Research has found moral behaviors and dishonesty in adolescents to be _____________ specific

Levels 1 and 2

Research has found the universality of Kohlberg's theory in which of the following levels?

- Decreased depression - Increased happiness - Decreased negative emotions - Increased life satisfaction

Research has identified gratitude of adolescents 10 to 14 years of age demonstrated which of the following characteristics four years later?

10 to 14

Research has shown adolescents aged _________ with positive gratitude showed increased meaning and satisfaction in life four years later

- Acquaintances - Family - Friends

Research has shown adolescents face moral dilemmas broader than the hypothetical ones posed by Kolberg and include which of the following areas?

Blank: Context

Research identifies schools as an important _______ for moral development

14

Researchers have found religiousness has declined in the United States in adolescents from _____ to 20 years of age

Family and authority

Researchers have found with Kohlberg's theory of moral development there is a limitation of adolescent concern in the areas of _______

Empathy

Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as what?

- Rules of the school and classroom - Consideration of others' feelings - Moral orientation of the educators

Schools have taught adolescents moral development with a hidden curriculum through which of the following methods?

Arbitrary and can be changed by consensus

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are what?

- They tend to lead the family in prayer - They talk with their children about religion - They attend church more often than fathers

Studies have shown adolescents' religious participation is most influenced by their mothers because what?

- Imitation - Reinforcement - Punishment

The basic processes of positive adolescent moral development involve which of the following?

Religiousness

The degree of affiliation with an organized religion with participation in the rituals and practices of its beliefs is a description of what?

Induction

The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for other's of the adolescent's actions is called what?

Spirituality

The experiencing beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is a description of what?

- Class discussion of cheating - Rewarding positive behaviors - Sanctions for inappropriate behaviors

The use of character education is promoted within the school system through the use of which of the following?

- Encouraging students to identify their own values - Identification that certain things are worth working for - Learning to understand the values of others

The use of values clarification in teaching moral education is done through what?

True

True or false: Adolescent females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males

True

True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.

True

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives individuals an opportunity to change their moral orientation by taking the role of another person

It is more internal

What distinguishes Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning from earlier levels?

Moral

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

Internal

What word best describes moral reasoning processes at the postconventional level?

Blank: spirituality

When adolescent thought develops to abstract, idealistic, and logical thought, the individual begins to analyze and question his/her ________ with their religion

Blank: care

When educators promote prosocial behaviors by teaching sensitivity to others, helping others, and consideration of others feeling, they are practicing a/an _______ perspective

Domain Theory

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

Six

Which stage of Kohlberg's model was recently removed from the scoring manual even though it is still considered important for moral development?

To be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development

Why should moral exemplars be studied?

Blank: Prosocial

With an increase in abstract, idealistic, and logical reasoning, adolescents demonstrate an increase in _______ behaviors

Blank: Postconventional

________ reasoning is the highest level in Kolhberg's theory of moral development

Blank: Conventional

_________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Social conventional reasoning

___________ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system

Moral

____________ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong

Blank: Preconventional

_____________ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg