Chapter 7 - Part 2 (Electron transport / Chemiosmosis)

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Explain the steps of alcohol fermentation:

1) Pyruvate is converted to ethanol by releasing carbon dioxide from Pyruvate, which is converted to acetaldehyde. 2) acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol

Chemiosmosis:

(Diffusion of H+) Process in which energy stored in the form of H+ is forced across the membrane in order to drive cellular work

How much ATP is generated through cellular respiration?

30-32 ATP

What percent of potential chemical energy in glucose gets transferred to ATP?

34%

What is ATP synthase made of?

4 main parts, each made of multiple polypeptides

How can cells generate fuel without oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

What is the difference between the two?

Anaerobic respiration involves an electron transport chain

Facultative anaerobes:

Can make enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration

How goes the H+ gradient work?

Electron transport chain uses the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ across the membrane

Chemiosmosis:

Energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

Where does the energy for gradient formation come from?

Exergonic redox reactions

Most energy flows in what sequence?

Glucose --> NADH --> Electron transport chain --> Proton motive force --> ATP

What does fermentation consist of?

Glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons to Pyruvate or derivatives of Pyruvate

Why would oxidative phosphorylation cease?

If the oxygen's electronegative pull on electrons down the electron transport chain didn't exist (without oxygen)

Where is the electron transport chain?

In the folding of the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

Where does the rest of the energy stored in glucose go?

Lost as heat

Which molecules account for most of the energy from glucose?

NADH and FADH

Does the electron transport chain make ATP directly?

No, it eases the fall of electrons to oxygen, breaking it into smaller steps that release small amounts of energy

Prosthetic groups:

Nonprotein components essential for the catalytic functions of certain enzymes

Obligate anaerobes:

Only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

ATP synthase:

Protein/enzyme in the inner membrane of mitochondria that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Explain lactic acid fermentation:

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NAHD to form lactate, with no release of CO2

Why are the number of ATP molecules generated inexact?

Ratio of NADH to ATP is not a whole number, ATP yield varies depending on shuttle used, use of proton movie force

Proton-motive force:

The H+ gradient used to perform chemiosmosis

What is the power source for ATP synthase?

The difference in concentration of H+ on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane

What establishes the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

The electron transport chain

What happens to electron carriers during electron transport?

They alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons


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