Chapter 7 (test 3)
Why did the United States go to war against western Indians so quickly after the revolution?
* Determined to control the future of the continent. * U.S. gov. asserted both sovereignty over and ownership of the trans-Appalachian west. * Migration to the west, needed to move the Indians.
How did Jefferson's idea of an agrarian republic differ from the economic vision put forward by Hamilton?
- Jefferson's idea of an agrarian republic was a democratic vision of a society of independent yeomen farm families. - grain/meat from farms would feed European nations→ manufacture and send clothes and other things in exchange - international division of labor - profited from Europe's struggles - Hamilton's economic policies/taxes led to a lower demand for corn whiskey the farmers distilled and bartered for eastern manufacturers - caused whiskey rebellion - assailed/attacked tax collectors who took their money - raised militia to settle the rebellion
How economically and politically effective was the Embargo Act? What role did it play in the 1808 presidential election?
- The Embargo Act was an act passed by republican legislators, restricting any trade to anywhere in the world. Economically and politically this law was a failure. Economically, it created a depression throughout most of the nation. Politically, it was a complete failure also, because it was widely evaded, and eventually replaced by the Non-intercourse act, that reopened trade with all except France and Britain. In the election of 1808, Madison won the election because of a stronger running from Federalists because of the damage they have taken from the Embargo Act. (RESPONSE TO IMPRESSMENT FROM BRITAIN)
Bill of Rights
- The first ten amendments to the Constitution - Safeguard against government power - Protection of personal powers - Added to mollify the Antifederalists to approve the constitution
What did Lewis and Clark find/ do in the Louisiana?
- Traded with the British and French-Canadians - Made friends with the Indians and other people (SACAGAWEA) - Discovered land and new animals/plants - Found the Missouri river
Why did Hamilton believe a national debt would strengthen the United States and help to ensure its survival?
- enhance public credit by taking over the states' war debts (states were no longer responsible for paying them) - needed good credit to secure loans from Dutch and British financiers= strengthen U.S.
What gave rise to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? What attitude toward the nature of the Federalist government did these Resolutions reveal?
-James Madison and Thomas Jefferson opposed Alien and Sedition Acts so they drafted Kentucky and Virginia resolution leading to the revolution. -The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions used the ideas of John Locke to argue that the federal government had been formed by a "compact" or contract among the states and possessed only certain delegated powers. The Kentucky Resolution claimed that the states had the right to "nullify" the appropriate laws. The Republicans succeeded in elevating their dispute with the Federalists to the level of a national crisis.
What did Democrat-Republicans believe
-limited national gov -fear of tyranny -strict interpretation of the constitution -opposed national bank -pro farming nation
What did the Federalist believe
-strong national gov -fear of mod rule -loose interpretation of constitution -favored national bank -pro manufacturing
Adams administered 2 acts what were they?
1. Alien Act- President could deport anyone seen as a threat to the country 2. Sedition act- Made it a crime for anyone to write or print articles criticizing the government.
What was Hamilton s purposes for the creation of a national bank?
1. Provide loans to businesses & a national currency 2. Federal gov to pay off all federal and state war debts 3. Give federal gov place to do baking
Judiciary Act of 1789
A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system. - Created supreme court with 6 justices and lower courts
Jacobin
A member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met.
Who supported the Federalist party
Alexander Hamilton
How did the Federalist attempt to silence those who opposed the undeclared war?
Alien and Sedition Act Laws to expel foreigners and jail newspaper editors fir criticism of government- "scandalous and malicious writing"
Identify the immediate and long-term effects of the war of 1812 on America
America spun it into some kind of great victory, a Second War of Independence, when it was neither. For the US it was a moment of madness and a complete farce which nearly sent the nation bankrupt. Immediate effects on the war of 1812 was a commercial treaty between the US and the British. Long term effects of the war was a push westward, and a long last friendship between Britain and the US.
How prepared was America for the War of 1812? Where was recruitment appealing ? Where did it not go well and why?
America was not prepared for a war in 1812, however British Canada was stretched so thin from the wars from European wars, that the military presence in Canada was week. Recruitment was appealing because people viewed it as the 2nd war for independence, and a new feeling of patriotism swept over the country. Major problems were seen in the invasion of Canada, where they lost many invasion efforts and Fort Dearborn fell.
The Whiskey rebellion was easier to stop than Shayy's rebellion because
Americans had a federal army during the Whiskey Rebellion and didn't have one during Shayy's rebellion
What were the fundamental principals of Jeffersonian Democracy
Belief in: -Limited Government due to fear of tyranny - Strict interpretation of constitution - AGAINST NATIONAL BANK - AGRARIAN SOCIETY *Democratic- Republican
Impressment
British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service. They said they were "British Sailors" that had fled.
Why was the Sedition Act unpopular?
Citizens said it violated the right of free speech.
What is an example of sectionalism
Civil War- dividing the nation based on slave or free
What were the main causes of migration in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?
Cotton was the reason of this migratory surge a) demand for raw wool and cotton increased as industrial machinery increased textile production in England b) planters grew cottons, American inventors built machinery - planters imported more slaves
James Marshall
Discovered gold in California while building a sawmill for John Sutter
What role did Eli Whitney play in Americas Industrial Revolution? What impact did his inventions have on the South? The north?
Eli Whitney's creation of the cotton gin revolutionized the South. This creation took away the hardest part of creating cotton, and therefore cotton was much easier to create, and this strengthened the southern economy. In the North, there was also a positive turn. With all the raw resource abundant, Northerners were able to create industry from the cotton.
How would the national bank be payed for ?
Federal taxes -tax on whisky -tax on imports
Why is it called the "Revolution of 1800"
First time that power in America passed from one party to another (Federalists --> Democratic / republican party)
Napoleon
French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
Treaty of Greenville
Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.
Why did Alexander Burr hate Alexander Hamilton so much? What was the "Burr Conspiracy"
Hamilton was federalist and burr was a republican. Both were hugely respected so there was a feud between them. The burr conspiracy was when Hamilton accused Burr of suspected treasons so Burr challenged him to a duel.
What was Tecumseh's agenda? Was it achieved?
His aim was to unite native tribes and rid ancestral land of white occupation. His goal was never fully achieved.
neutralization Act
Increased the period necessary for immigrants to become naturalized citizens in the United States from 5 to 14 years.
Why was Marbury vs. Madison important?
It establishes precedent for federalism
What effect did the Hartford Convention have on the Federalist party
It pretty much killed them because it made them seem "traitorous"
What was the XYZ affair?
It was an effort by the French to get the United States to pay a bribe before they would negotiate.
Jay's Treaty (1794)
It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.
Why did Jefferson reverse the policies of the previous administration?
Jefferson began the movement to kill the federalist party. Jefferson write out an address that delivered to the SC president would not give state of the union address.
Jefferson's Agrarian Vision
Jefferson believed farming/ agriculture was the backbone of the economy (small farms- he believed those working the ground were closer to god)
How was Jefferson's agrarian vision reflected in his policies affecting western lands?
Jefferson purses polices that made it easier for farm families to acquire land. Louisiana purchase challenges Napoleon empire in france allowed Mississippi river open to western farmers and created a huge opportunity for westward migration.
Revolution of 1800
Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." (After Hamilton picked Jefferson over Burr- Burr became V.P.)
Explain the "cultural independence" Jeffersonian Americans sough. What means of expression did this "independence" find
Jeffersonian American's idea of cultural independence was mainly concerning forming a truly distinctive American culture, one that was different from many of the European countries. Many American writers began to express their form of American culture through fables, histories, and even dictionaries. For example, Noah Webster developed an Americanized system of spelling English words (honor instead of honor) in his book the American Spelling Book. Washington Irving wrote about early American life in the form of folktales. Even histories like the 3 volume History of the Revolution written by Mercy Otis Warren became popular books that helped grow American nationalism. (THEY PRETTY MUCH WANTED TO BE NOTHING LIKE EUROPE)
What were the circumstances that sent John Jay to England? What were the results of this mission?
John Jay was sent to Britain to demand the immediate withdrawal of British troops from the frontier, and demand compensation for the recent assault on American shipping vessels, and to negotiate a new commercial treaty. Most of these goals were not met, however there was a commercial relationship (trading) between the US and Britain
What were the key issues in the 1800 presidential election?
Key issues in the president election of 1800 were conflict in the election process, in order to secure Jefferson's victory, someone would not vote twice so Aaron Burr would not have the same amount of votes as Jefferson, however the politician decided to vote anyways, and there was 73 votes for both Burr and Jefferson, the state governments had to decide who would be president, and after concluding Burr was too unreliable to trust, Jefferson was elected.
Explain President Madison's strategic vision for the invasion of Canada? Why did it fail?
Madison wanted to invade Canada and thought the Canadians would welcome his forces with open arms, as liberators from the evil empire, but it turned out that they were not as popular as Madison thought.
Was the war of 1812 "America's Second War for Independence"
Many people call it the Second War for Independence, but I believe that it wasn't, because the war was not for Independence, but free trade, freedom of the seas, etc. This was more for the rights of the world, more than just America's rights.
Adam's Presidency
March 4, 1797 - March 4, 1801 - Adams was a federlist - Jefferson was a republican and him and Adam's constantly fought - Came to a law stating that V and VP must be from same party
Why did New England oppose the war of 1812
New England opposed the War of 1812 because they were hurt economically losing their trade partner, and many believed that the war was just to strengthen the Republican party. They also didn't like that people thought that the war was connected with the British government.
Why was the Alien Act unpopular?
Newcomers to the US felt unwanted because of this law. The old waiting period was 5 years. They also felt like they were never safe.
What did Washington want?
No political parties
How did the French Revolution divide Americans
Proclamation of Neutrality: - Washington issues to remain neutral in conflict between Britain and France Ideological Politics: - Jefferson believed the French Revolution was another version of the American Revolution - Whiskey Rebellion where PA farmers rebelled against the excise tax put down by the national government
Hamilton's Financial Program
Public Credit: - Analyzed financial standards of United States -Made recommendations to reorganize debt (Pay back foreign and state debt - ended up paying back all state debt but not all foreign debt) Created National Bank: - Create a model bank off of England's bank - Act as a physical agent to government - Would give loans to businesses Manufacturers: - Pretty much stated that manufacturers are essential to economic progress in the United States. We earn money off of what they create. Raising Revenue through Tariffs: - Exercise Tax - tax on domestic goods - Tariff - tax on foreign goods ( Revenue for the government)
Gibbons v Ogden
Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government
What caused the Second Great Awakening
Religious skepticism was majorly the cause of the second great awakening, because the American Revolution created a separation of churches and governments, there was no punishment for challenging the churches' ideas. Churches and theologists needed to combat the rationalists somehow, so they preached and tried to reinforce Christianity.
Darthmouth College v. Woodward
Supreme Court case that prevented states from interfering in contracts.
Fletcher v. Peck
Supreme Court has the power to declare state laws unconstitutional (Yazoo Land Act)
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government
What was Tecumseh's agenda? How was it achieved?
Tecumseh agenda was to unite the tribes of the Mississippi Valley, halt white expansion, recover the whole North West, and make the Ohio River the boundary between the US and the Indian country. His goal was never fulfilled achieved.
Midnight Judges
The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration. ** He signed them to keep federalist power/ ideals
What were the characteristics of American population growth and expansion in the years between 1790-1800
The American population growth and expansion from 1790-1800 were characterized by rising cities, consisting of workers for the new textiles and other industries. Most people were still farmers, but these cities became major centers of commerce and learning.
What effect did the Battle of New Orleans have on the war? on Jacksons career?
The Battle of New Orleans took place after the Treaty of Ghent was signed. It was just that information travelled too slow to let the armies at New Orleans know before it was too late. It had no effect on the war. Made Jackson a hero
What were the causes/effects of the British invasion of 1814
The British invaded the US in 1814 for two reasons. The first was that the Napoleonic wars were over, and Britain now had an availability of troops, so they redirected their attention to the US. Another factor was the desire for revenge for the burning of York (Toronto). Effects of these causes were the burning of Washington, D.C. and an assault on the US mainland.
List the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty of Ghent was mostly a neutral agreement, where neither of them really benefited. Britain wanted a treaty because they had war debt, and were eager to stop all conflict, while America desired a treaty because they knew impressment would end because they no longer needed such a big navy. Britain gave up the desire for a northwest buffer state and America gave up the idea of the cession of Canada, and had to give back tribe lands, even though it was never enforced.
How did the US attempt to silence those who opposed the undeclared war, and what groups did these attempts most affect
The US ( Federalists mostly ) attempted to silence those who opposed the undeclared war by putting forth the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Sedition act allowed the government to prosecute anyone who publicly wrote bad things about the government even though it was against Freedom of Press. The Alien act placed new obstacles in the way of citizenship, and gave the President the power to deny any person citizenship. These acts mostly affected the Republicans who quickly fought back in Congress.
Why did the US feel that its neutrality rights were being violated by Britain and France in 1805-1807
The United States felt their neutrality rights were being violated by France and Britain in 1805 and 1807 because the two ally nations were not allowing the US to remain neutral. Each side would be hostile towards them if they tried to trade with the other, along with a constant impressment of US troops by the French and British.
What was the XYZ affair, what was the result?
The XYZ affair was when Adams sent 3 Americans to France to try to compromise with France but they refused which starked the Quasi War
What problem was solved/ not solved by the Embargo Act or the Non-Intercourse Act?
The act opened trade to all nations except Britain and France and then authorized congress to restore all trade with those nation if they stopped violating neutral rights.
Why did the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France put Jefferson in a quandary?
The constitution did not give the president the right to buy large tracts of land. Struggled with this, but also perceived that the purchase was widely supported and beneficial to the country
Bank of the US
The country's first national bank. Part of Hamilton's Plan, it would save the government's surplus money until it was needed. The bank was responsible for providing the nation economic stability.
What diplomatic problems did the French Revolution and the war that followed pose for the US? How did Washington and Congress deal with this problem?
The diplomatic problems the French Revolution created for America was the question of America's foreign policy between allies. Washington advised staying neutral between conflicts, and they began their policy of neutrality, which lead to isolation.
How did the Government under the Constitution guarantee the people on the frontier would be loyal to it? What was the impact on the Native Americans?
The government guaranteed that the people on the frontier would be loyal to it because the new government accepted the frontier territories that have the necessary population into new states. These territorial claims affected their relationship with neighboring Indians who were living in American States, but weren't American citizens. This resulted in a confusing situation on how to deal with the Indians living inside of the new states.
What was the impact of the Chesapeake incident on Anglo-American relations
The impact of the Chesapeake incident on Anglo-American relations were an increase in tension between the British and US, especially after they refused to renounce impressment. British ships were instructed to leave US waters, but didn't therefore creating an overall age of tension.
What affect did Americans transportation system have on industrialization
The invention of the steam boat and creation of new roads led to an increase in industrialization because of the ease of trade and transport. The steam boat allowed for easy trade and transport along the Mississippi river, while the roads allowed quick transport from key ports to industries/markets.
What was the "message" and the impact of the Second Great Awaking
The message of the Second Great Awakening was mostly "Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives." The impact of this was a restoration of fate throughout the nation.
What circumstances led to an administration with a Federalist President and Republican vice president?
The old style of election was two votes, the candidate that gained the most votes become the president and the president with the second most votes became the vice president, so the federalist majority voted for Adams and the democratic-republican minority voted for Jefferson, leading to a federalist president and democratic-republican vice president. This ended poorly and never happened again
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
The only successful black slave rebellion against the slave holders and the French empire
What caused the Quasi War with France during the Adams administration? What was the result of this struggle?
The quasi-war was caused by conflict between France and the US, where the US wanted to stay neutral and the French wanted the US to fight with them against the British. The US stayed neutral, however they made a trade agreement with Britain that lead the French to start attacking US merchant ships because they felt like they broke their neutrality. The US responded by creating a navy and capturing many French privateer ships. - Finally, the French decided they wanted to negotiate leading to the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine which ended the hostilities of the undeclared war.
What were the reasons for the Whiskey Rebellion? Who was it aimed at particularly?
The reasons for the Whisky Rebellion were farmers unhappy with a tax on whiskey, because they didn't believe in taxes and this hit them personally. They aimed their rebellion at their tax collectors to make a statement.
What reform was made to avoid the problems caused by the 1797 presidential election?
The reform made to avoid problems caused by the 1800 presidential election was the addition of the 12th amendment to the bill of rights. This amendment separated the elections of the President and Vice President.
U.S stopped helping France during
The reign of Rose Pierre.
Why do historians think the decision of the marshall court constitutes a federalist legacy?
These decisions end up affecting the governments control of currency and credit.
Why did Jefferson go to war with the barabry coast pirates? What was the outcome
They captured our ships and sailors "Freedom of Seas" Treaty signed
Why did New England oppose the war of 1812?
They didn't like that people thought that the war was connected with the British government.
Marbury v. Madison
This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review
Pinckney's Treaty (1795)
This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans **established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain.
Who supported the Democrat-Republican Party
Thomas Jefferson
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.
What was the First Party system
Two party system that separated into the Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans
Who were the War Hawks?
War Hawks were politicians elected because they were eager to go to war.
Washington's Farewell Address
Warned Americans to: - Not to get involved in European affairs - Not to make permanent alliances - Not to form political parties - Avoid sectionalism.
How did Washington's reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion underscore the difference between the Constitution and the Article of Confederation
Washington's reaction to the Whisky Rebellion underscored the different between the Constitution and the Articles of the Confederation because he was able to call up an army to fit against the rebellion, a power he recently gained throughout the constitution.
French Revolution
Who: French citizens, and French Monarchy which affected Americans What: A 1789 revolution in France that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem to radical to many. Where: France When: 1789 Why: ignited by American revolution, idea of liberty
What sort of works by American authors were most influential? Why?
Works that emphasized American greatness, and an utopian society became popular. They were the most influential works, because everyone desiring that life.
The Judiciary Act of 1801
a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists
Jefferson changed his mind about the elastic clause because
it helped him buy the Louisiana Purchase.
Washington's Cabinet
secretary of state: Thomas Jefferson secretary of the treasury: Alexander Hamilton secretary of war: Henry Knox
Elastic Clause
the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
There was a Quasy (half) war with France over
their rule that we had to pay them to meet with them + our trading with Britain
The federalists did not support French Revolution because
they believed in a structured government & America was broke after our war
Jeffersonians/ Republicans supported French Revolution because
they believed in freedom of government which is what the French were trying to achieve
