Chapter 8

Which of the following terms is used to describe quotations or paraphrases from an authority in a given field?

Expert testimony

In his speech, Joe says, "George Washington Carver, Lonnie G. Johnson, Percy Julian." By reciting a list like this that relates to his topic, Joe is using

brief examples.

If you are giving a speech with many abstract ideas that are hard to explain, which of the following would be the best supporting material to use?

Examples

In your speech, you discuss the health problems of obese children. Which of the following sources would be the most credible and reliable source of testimony?

U.S. Centers for Disease Control

What is one of the best ways for a speaker to explain a technical process or term to an audience?

Use an example

In her speech about the maternal mortality rate around the world, Hannah included the following: "According to the CIA's World Factbook, Sierra Leone has the highest death rate, at 1,360 per 100,000 live births. The Central African Republic follows, with 882. Chad and Nigeria are not far behind, at 856 and 814, respectively. The United States ranked 138th with a rate of 14 deaths per 100,000 live births." What did Hannah fail to do when using statistics in her speech?

Use numbers sparingly

What makes quoting out of context so dangerous?

You can twist someone's remarks to prove something completely different from what was intended.

Which of the following questions should be asked when evaluating the validity of statistics?

-Are statistical measures used correctly? -Are the statistics from a reliable source? -Are the statistics representative? -Are the statistics from a large enough sample?

Ivan is giving a speech about global warming. He explains that an iceberg measuring about 2,200 square miles has recently gone adrift. He mentions that the iceberg is the size of Delaware and holds twice as much water used in the United States each year. Which of the following did Ivan do correctly in this example?

-He provided a visual for large statistics. -He explained the statistics in a way that would be meaningful to the audience.

Which of the following might be found on a list about how to best use testimony in a speech?

-I use testimony from unbiased sources? -Do I give credit to the original source of all quotes? -Do I identify the sources of all testimony?

What does it mean to make an example representative?

-It is a typical example that proves a general point. -It does not deal with rare or exceptional cases.

A strong example in a speech achieves which of the following?

-Makes the speech topic more personal and relevant to the audience -Provides vivid details -Creates a visual image for the audience

Using quotes accurately involves which of the following?

-Making sure you do not skew the meaning of paraphrased statements -Making sure you do not quote out of context -Making sure you do not misquote anyone

Examples used in speeches are used for which of the following purposes?

-Reinforce an idea -Clarify an idea -Personalize an idea

Which of the following statements about using statistics in a speech are true?

-They can be an effective way to clarify and support ideas. -They can be used to show the seriousness of an issue.

True or false: Examples in a speech help explain how many people are affected by the issue being discussed.

False

True or false: Statistics cannot be distorted or manipulated.

False

What is one way to lend credibility to a speech?

Mentioning the sources of statistics

During his speech on gun violence, John is presenting statistics on gun violence in major metropolitan areas. What could John do next to make sure his audience understands the impact of these facts and figures?

Provide an example about a person affected by gun violence that represents a typical situation

When you are presenting your speech to an audience and are using testimony, statistics, or examples, it is important to remember to

cite your sources orally.

Speakers have a(n) ______ responsibility to use testimonies accurately and effectively.

ethical

"About 1.4 million shelter dogs are adopted each year" is an example of

a statistic.

In a speech about childhood obesity, Terence told the story of the real-life case of a young girl who spent her time watching television and eating junk food. He went into detail about how the young girl ended up in this situation. This type of supporting material is defined as

an extended example.

A hypothetical example is an example that describes

an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Statistics are similar to ______ in that they are often cited in passing to clarify or strengthen a speaker's point.

brief examples

In your speech you decide to use a vivid and detailed narrative about a camping trip you took last year to illustrate one of your points about camping. This type of supporting material is called a(n) ______ example.

extended

Illustrations, or narratives, are a type of supporting material referred to as

extended examples.

When you paraphrase someone to provide testimony in a speech, you

give the gist of someone else's statement in your own words.

In her speech on how to perform the Heimlich Maneuver, Julie began by saying, "Suppose you are having dinner with a friend when suddenly your friend can't seem to catch her breath. When your friend begins to turn blue, you realize she is choking." This is a type of ______ example.

hypothetical

Research has shown that the impact of examples is ____________ (increased/decreased) when they are combined with statistics that show the examples to be typical.

increased

A vivid example can be very effective in reinforcing an idea in your speech, but for such a purpose you should be especially certain that it is a(n) ______ example and not an exceptional case.

representative

You are giving a speech about school violence, and you briefly mention Columbine, Virginia Tech, and the Amish school shootings in a sentence. You are using

specific instances.

You have decided to take up running. You have a friend who has been running and coaching a long time. She tells you to go to a specialty store and look for lightweight, flexible running shoes rather than buying cheap shoes online, so you do. You were influenced by her

testimony.

When using costs or other monetary measures from different years as a statistic in a speech, it is important to consider the __________ of the dollar in terms of inflation.

value

Among the tips for using statistics are to

-use numbers sparingly. -round off numbers. -name the source of statistics.

Speeches without examples generally come off as which of the following?

-Vague -Impersonal

Examples that make the most impact on an audience are usually which of the following?

-Vivid -Specific -Richly textured

If you quoted your sister about her experience at summer camp, you are using what type of testimony?

Peer testimony

To quote or paraphrase someone correctly, it is essential that you

-do not violate the meaning of the statements being paraphrased. -do not misquote. -do not quote out of context.

A speaker can give his or her ideas greater impact by ______ the opinions of people who have special experience or knowledge about the topic being discussed.

-paraphrasing -quoting

When citing sources in your speech, you do not need to include all of the information that you would use in a written bibliography. What you include depends on

-the kind of supporting material -you are using. -the claim you are making. -your audience. -your topic.

Alana wanted to speak about climate conditions that might favor tornado formation in the United States. For testimony she used a document by researchers Schaefer and Marzban on the NOAA website, and she said, "Schaefer and Tatom (1998) looked at the mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the strip 5 deg. N to 5 deg. S and 180 deg. W to 150 deg. W and wrote, 'A Kruskal-Wallis H test was then used to see if any difference in different tornado measures exists between El Niño, La Niña and neutral years. Also the entire contiguous U.S. and three sub-areas were considered. All six of these combinations failed to have significance at the 99 percent level. One could not state with confidence that El Niño/La Niña had any effect on tornado or strong tornado activity.'" Why should she have paraphrased instead of using a direct quotation?

-The wording of the quotation is cumbersome and contains technical terms. -The quotation is longer than two or three sentences.

Which of the following are guidelines for the effective use of statistics?

-Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends. -Use statistics sparingly. -Explain any statistics that are used.

True or false: Listeners do not generally care whether or not a speaker provides the source of his or her statistics.

False

Daniel is presenting his speech to his classmates. He uses examples, testimony, and statistics to support his ideas. He does not explain his sources during the speech, but he does show his bibliography on a PowerPoint slide at the end of the speech. What common error has Daniel made in his speech?

He failed to cite his sources orally.

Harry is giving a speech in class on endangered species. He has conducted a significant amount of research and includes some of the data he found in his speech. How else could Harry lend credibility to the information he is reporting?

Include quotations from experts on endangered species

Polly is giving a speech about the world economy. She offers interesting statistics about the gross domestic product of several countries, all of which are in the billions of dollars. How could Polly have improved her speech?

She could have translated the large numbers into terms listeners can relate to.

One of the most important steps when using statistics in a speech is to make sure that the numbers are

meaningful.

According to 19th-century physicist Lord Kelvin, when a person can measure and express what they are speaking about in ______, they have proved that they know something about the topic.

numbers

When should you use statistics in a speech?

only when needed

Rick explained, "Sue said that turning the faucet clockwise three times will stop the dripping." Carmen added, "Sue said, 'These rotations always fix the problem.'" If both Rick and Carmen were reporting accurately, then Rick ______ Sue, and Carmen ______ Sue.

paraphrased; quoted

If you were giving a speech about a Japanese tsunami, and you quoted a local survivor on the hardships endured, you would be using ______ testimony.

peer

A politician refers to a proposed new program as a "potentially tremendous disaster." The program's supporters quote the politician as saying it is "potentially tremendous." The supporters are

quoting out of context.

An important use of examples is to ______ your ideas.

reinforce