Chapter 8-9 Review Questions and Terms
microcephalus
(fetus with a very) small head
Vesicovaginal fistula
-abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina
The suffix used for the tube attached to the uterus that provides a passageway for the ovum to move from ovary to uterus is
-salpinx
total hysterectomy picture
1
graafian follicles
100,000 microscopic sacs that make up a large portion of the ovaries -each follicle contains an immature ovum. Normally one (__________ _________)develops to maturity monthly between puberty and menopause. It ovum, which passes into the uterine tube.
(Right unilateral) salpingaoophorectomy picture
2
(bilateral) salpingooophor/ectomy picture
3
hysterosalpingooophorectomy picture
4
The surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele and a rectocele is abbreviated as
A&P repair
Where IUD and IUS are forms of birth control, the general abbreviation for various forms of contraception is
BC
To abbreviate the narrow lower portion of the uterus, the practitioner will use
Cx
The surgical procedure to widen the cervix and remove contents from the uterus for treatment and for diagnostics.
D&C
Monthly hormonal changes may cause fibrosis, benign cysts, and mastalgia in one or both breasts.
FCC
The branch of medicine dealing with health and diseases of the female reproductive system is abbreviated as
GYN
The radiographic image of the uterus and uterine tubes (after an injection of contrast agent) is abbreviated as
HSG
One method of contraception is the intrauterine system, abbreviated as
IUS
A condition typically characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction, and multiple ovarian cysts is abbreviated as
PCOS
Symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, and headache in the syndrome occurring up to 10 days before menstruation, abbreviated as
PMS
The abbreviation for the syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring up to 10 days before mensuration
PMS
The premature newborn was diagnosed with RDS
Respiratory distress syndrome
In an ultrasound procedure, the process of recording the uterus by use of sound, is abbreviated as
SHG
You will use this abbreviate a total abdominal hysterectomy with removal of both uterine tubes and ovaries
TAH/BSO
In total excision of the uterus performed laposcopically, the uterus, including the cervix, is morcelluated and withdrawn through the laparoscope.
TLH
A severe illnes that may affect menstruating women after using tampons is abbreviated as
TSS
An abbreviation for a severe illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes and characterized by high fever, rash vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia, followed by hypotenison, in severe casues, shock, and death
TSS
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
a method of fertilizing human ova outside the body and placing the zygote into the uterus; used when infertility is present
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
a severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia, followed by hypotension and, in severe cases, shock and death; usually affects menstruating women using tampons; caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
preclampsia
abnormal condition encountered during pregnancy or shortly after delivery characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and proteinuria, but with no convultions. 3rd Most common maternal death following hemorrhage and infection
endometriosis
abnormal condition of the endometrium (endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus in various areas in the pelvic cavity, including ovaries, uterine tubes, intestines, and uterus)
vaginosis
abnormal condition of the vagina (caused by a bacterial imbalance) ( also called bacterial vaginosis)
vaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the vagina and another organ, such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum
Colovaginal Fistula
abnormal opening between the vagina and colon (large intestine)
Rectovaginal Fistula
abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum
fistula
abnormal passageway between two organs or between an internal organ and the body surface
tracheoesophageal fistula
abnormal passageway pertaining to the trachea and esophagus (between the trachea and esophagus)
congenital anomaly
abnormality present at birth; often discovered before birth by sonography and/or amniocentesis
placenta previa
abnormally low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall completely or partially covering the cervix
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual flow
anovulation
absence of ovulation
parturition
act of giving birth
This occurs when endometrium that normally lines the uterus, grows into the muscular portion of the uterus
adenomyosis
Symptoms of growth of the endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus include dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and difficult or painful intercourse.
adenomyosis, dyspareunia
Ovaries
almond-shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity; form and store egg cells (ova) and produce the hormones estrogen and progesteron
Down syndrome can be diagnosed by two prenatal tests: chorionic villus sampling done at 10-13 weeks of pregnancy, or a surgical puncture to aspirate amniotic fluid after 15 weeks of pregnancy.
amniocentesis
midwife
an individual who practices midwifery
Before Birth Mother
antepartum
The word part meaning first, beginning is
arche/o
The term meaning inflammation of the mucous-producing gland(s0 on each side of the vagina just above the opening refers to inflammation of the gland the formation of an abscess.
bartholin adenitis
par/o part/o
bear, give birth to, labor
Antepartum hemorrhage is considered an emergency
before childbirth
conception
beginning of pregnancy, when the sperm enters the ovum. __________________ normally occurs in the uterine tube.
uterine fibroid
benign tumor of the uterine muscle (also called myoma of the uterus or leiomyoma)
cesarean section (CS, C-section)
birth of a fetus through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus
cephalic presentation
birth position in which any part of the head emerges first
breech presentation
birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first
hematosalpinx
blood in the uterine tube
CA-125 test
blood test primarily used to monitor treatment for ovarian cancer and to detect recurrence once treatment is complete
stillborn
born dead (death of fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy)
mammary papilla
breast nipple
choriocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of the chorion
Zygote
cell formed by the union of the sperm and the ovum
menopause
cessation of menstruation, usually around the ages of 48 to 53 years
puerper/o
childbirth
Partial surgical closure of the vagina, may be used to treat vaginal prolapses for patients who are not candidates for more complex reconstructive surgeries and who are no longer sexually active.
colpocleisis
To repair a defect in the wall of the vagina, this suturing of the vagina may be necessary
colporrhaphy
If an abnormal Pap Test, this instrument may be used for visual examination of the vagina ( and cervix)
colpscope
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. Various birth defects may be present, including central nervous system dysfunction and malformations of the skull and face.
erythroblastosis fetalis
condition of the newborn characterized by. hemolysis of the erythrocytes. The condition is usually caused by incompatibility of the infant's and mother's blood, occurring when the mother's blood is Rh negative and the infant's blood Rh positive
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
condition typically characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction, and multiple ovarian cysts; symptoms can include and body hair, and infertility. People with this condition have increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and glucose intolerance
esophageal atresia
congenital absence of part of the esophagus. Food cannot pass from the baby's mouth to the stomach
spina bifida
congenital defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close. -If meninges protrude through the opening the condition is called meningocele. Protrusion of both meningomyelocele
gastroschisis
congenital fissure of the abdominal wall that is not at the umbilicus (enterocele, protrusion of the intestine, is usually present)
cleft lip or palate
congenital split of the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present
Cryosurgery, laser ablation, and LEEP are various surgical techniques performed to remove a cone-shaped area of the cervix
conization
Pap test
cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect abnormal and cancerous cells
HPV test
cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect high-risk forms of human papillomavirus that can cause abnormal cervical cells and cervical cancer
dystocia
difficult labor (obstructed prolonged; causes may be from maternal factors, such as ineffective uterine contractions and abnormal pelvic shape, or from fetal causes, such as large size and abnormal birth presentation)
dyspareunia
difficult or painful intercourse
prolapse
displacement of an organ or anatomic structure from its normal position
uterine prolapse
downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina
gestation
duration of the pregnancy; normally 38 to 42 weeks, which can be divided into 3 equal periods, called trimesters
Difficult or painful intercourse is known as
dyspareunia
Because of the inadequate uterine contractions, the patient was experiencing difficult labor.
dystocia
At 20 weeks of gestation the patient was diagnosed with preeclmpsia. The disease progressed and she began having convulsions, She was then diagnosed with having:
eclampsia
implantation
embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining. The process normally begins about 7 days after fertilization and continues for several days.
In the term meaning abnormal condition of the endometrium, the word root is
endometri
With abnormal uterine bleeding, this procedure may be used to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical, or thermal energy
endometrial ablation
A surgical incision made in the perineum during child birth is repaired with this suturing of (a tear in) the vulva
episiorrhphy
menorrhagia
excessive bleeding at menstruation (heavy bleeding in regular, cyclical pattern)
metrorragia
excessive bleeding from the uterus (irregular, out-of-cycle bleeding ranging from heavy to light, including spotting
menometrorrhgia
excessive bleeding from the uterus at the menstruation (and between menstrual cycles; heavy and irregular bleeding)
hysterectomy
excision (surgical removal) of the uterus
total hysterectomy
excision of the entire uterus, including the cervix; can be performed abdominally, vaginally, or laparoscopically
Radical Hysterectomy
excision of the entire utrerus, upprt portion of the vagina, and surrounding tissues; performed abdominally
hymenectomy
excision of the hymen
subtotal hysterectomy
excision of the upper part of the uterus leaving the cervix in place; can be performed abdominally or laparoscopically (also called supracervical hysterectomy)
vulva
external female genitalia; including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, and vaginal orifice(opening)
Ovum (Ova:plural)
female egg cell
fibrocystic breast changes (FCC)
fibrosis, benign cysts, and pain or tenderness in or both breasts, thought to be caused by monthly hormonal changes (fibrocystic breasts, formerly called fibrocystic breast disease)
fimbria (pl. fimbriae)
finger-like projection at the free end of the uterine tube
primi/par/a
first birth
quickening
first feeling of movement of the fetus in utero by the pregnant woman. It usually occurs between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation
primi/gravid/a
first pregnancy
meconium
first stool of the newborn (greenish-black)
amniotic fluid
fluid within the amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus
Hymen
fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina
Down Syndrome
genetic condition caused by a chromosomal abnormality characterized by varying degrees of intelligence, developmental, and physical disorders or defects (trisomy 21)
adenomyosis
growth of endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus
Similar to andropathy in the male, this means pertaining to (reproductive system) disease of women
gynopathic
salpingocele
hernia of the uterine tube
omphalocele
herniation at the umbilicus
Bilateral water in the uterine tube indicates both uterine tubes are blocked by watery liquid and can be a cause of female infertility
hydrosalpinx
In some gynecological cancers, this excision of the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries may be necessary
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
If the need to diagnose abnormal bleeding, this instrument may be used for visual examination of the uterus (uterine cavity)
hysteroscope
The instrument used for visual examination of the uterus is a thin, lighted device inserted through the vagina that transmits images of the inside of the uterus to a computer screen.
hysteroscope
After a complete infertility evaluation, the physician recommended IVF for the couple
in vitro fertilization
amniotomy
incision into the amnion (rupture of the fetal membrane to induce labor; a special hook is generally used to make the incision)
hymenotomy
incision into the hymen
episiotomy
incision into the vulva (perineum) (sometimes performed during delivery to prevent a traumatic tear of the vulva) (also called perineotomy)
premature infant
infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation
bartholin adenitis
inflammation of a Bartholin gland (also called bartholinitis)
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation of some or all of the female pelvic organs; can be caused by many different pathogens. If untreated, the infection may spread upward from the vagina, involving the uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and other pelvic organs. An ascending infection may result in infertility and, in acute cases, fatal septicemia
mastitis
inflammation of the breast
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium
oophoritis
inflammation of the ovary
omphalitis
inflammation of the umbilicus
myometritis
inflammation of the uterine muscle (myometrium)
salpingitis
inflammation of the uterine tube (fallopian tube)
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
perimetritis
inflammation surrounding the uterus (perimetrium)
oligoovulation
infrequent ovulation
sentinel lymph node biopsy
injection of blue dye and/ or radioactive isotope used to identify the sentinel lymph node(s), the first in the axillary chain and most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer.
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
amnion
innermost layer of the fetal membrane
speculum
instrument for opening a body cavity to allow visual inspection
hysteroscope
instrument used for visual examination of the uterus
colposcope
instrument used for visual examination of the vagina
Contraception
intentional prevention of conception (pregnancy)
Corpus
large central portion of the uterus
The mother was experiencing vaginal discharge throughout her postpartum period.
lochia
breast cancer
malignant tumor of the breast
cervical cancer
malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma. Its cause is linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
Endometrial cancer (uterine cancer)
malignant tumor of the endometrium
ovarian cancer
malignant tumor of the ovary
Different from a screening image, a diagnostic "radiographic image of the breast" is used to check for breast cancer in the case of a lump or other sign or symptom
mammogram
A surgical repair of the breast to reduce size is called
mammoplasty
multi/par/a
many births
multi/gravid/a
many pregnancies
inflammation of the breast is an infection characterized by pain in the breast, edema, warmth, and erythema and mostly commonly occurs with breast-feeding.
mastitis, mastalgia
gamete
mature germ cell, either sperm (male) or ovum (female)
obstetrics (OB)
medical speciality dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
amniotic sac
membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery
The beginning of menstruation is termed
menarche
In the term menometrorrhagia, the first word root means
menstruation
infection of the Zika virus during pregnancy is linked to an increase in premature births, blindness, neurological disorders, and small beads in newborns.
microcephalus
breasts
milk-producing glands. Each breast consists of 15 to 20 divisions or lobules (mammary glands)
Polyhydraminos
much amnion water
The patient was pregnant with her third child. She was referred to as:
multigravida
myometrium
muscular middle layer of the uterus
Allowing the uterus to remain in place, this excision of the uterine fibroid is known as
myomectomy
cervix (Cx)
narrow lower portion of the uterus
pyloric stenosis
narrowing pertaining to the pyloric sphincter
umbilicus
naval (belly button); marks the site of attachment of the umbilical cord to the fetus
nulli/par/a
no births
nulli/gravid/a
no pregnancies
In the EHR, the medical assistant recorded that the patient has never been pregnant.
nulligravida
During the second trimester the patient had a pelvic sonogram, which revealed less than expected amniotic fluid. Etiology may be related to disorder a of fetal urinary system.
oligohydramnios
The cytological study and vaginal secretions to detect high risk forms of the human papillomavirus is a lab test conducted to screen for cervical cancer
oligoovulation
The word part for the almond-shaped organ that forms and stores ova is
oophor/o
Sometimes seen with salpingitis, this is an inflammation of the ovary
oophoritis
perimetrium
outer protective layer of the uterus that secretes watery serous fluid to reduce friction (also called uterine serose)
chorion
outermost layer of the fetal membrane
Making a mature egg available for fertilization, this is the release of an ovum from a mature Graafian follicle
ovulation
dysmenorrhea
painful menstrual flow
Bartholin glands
pair of mucus-producing glands located on each side of the vagina, just above the vaginal opening
uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
pair of tubes attached to the uterus that provide a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus
Vagina
passageway between the uterus and the outside of the body
uterus
pear-sized and shaped muscular organ that lies in the pelvic cavity, except during pregnancy when it enlarges and extends up into the abdominal cavity. Its functions are menstruation, pregnancy, and labor
To donate pelvis, pelvic bones, pelvic cavityuse this combining form
pelv/i
perineum
pelvic floor in both the male and female. In females it refers to the area between the vaginal opening and the anus.
The prefix meaning surrounding (outer) is
peri-
puerperium
period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal (6 week recovery)
pelvic sonography
pertaining to the pelvis, process of recording sound (pelvic ultrasound is used extensively to evaluate the fetus and pregnancy) (also called pelvic ultrasonography, pelvic ultrasound, and obstetric ultrasonography)
pelviscopic
pertaining to visual examination of the pelvic cavity
obstetrician
physician who specializes in obstetrics
areola
pigmented area around the breast nipple
uterine artery embolization (UAE)
placement of small gelatin beads into uterine arteries to stop blood flow supplying uterine fibroids or to stop severe hemorrhage after childbirth
After Birth Newborn
postnatal
After Birth Mother
postpartum
midwifery
practice of assisting in childbirth
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy occurring outside the uterus, commonly in the uterine tubes
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
Before Birth Newborn
prenatal
endometrial ablation
procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical, or thermal energy; used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
sonohysterography (SHG)
process of recording the uterus by use of sound (an ultrasound procedure)
Also called ptosis, this is the displacement of an organ or anatomic structure from its normal position
prolapse
pyosalpinx
pus in the uterine tube
mammogram
radiographic image of the breast
hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
radiographic image of the uterus and uterine tubes (after an injection of a contrast agent)
mamography
radiographic imaging of the breast
ovulation
release of an ovum from a mature graafian follicle
segmental mastectomy
removal of a quadrant, or wedge of breast tissue
simple mastectomy
removal of breast tissue and nipple
subcutaneous mastectomy
removal of breast tissue only, preserving the overlying skin, nipple and areola
modified radical mastectomy
removal of breast tissue, nipple, and lymph nodes
radical mastectomy
removal of breast tissue, nipple, lymph nodes, and underlying chest wall muscle
lumpectomy
removal of the cancerous lesion along a margin of surrounding healthy breast
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
replacement of hormones, estrogen and progesterone, to treat symptoms associated with menopause
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
respiratory complication in the newborn, especially in premature infants
fundus
rounded upper portion of the uterus
hysterorrhexis
rupture of the uterus
An inflammation of the uterine tube is
salpingitis
Oligohydraminos
scanty amnion water
oligomenorrhea
scanty menstrual flow (infrequent menstrual flow)
lactation
secretion of milk
eclampsia
severe complication and progression of preeclampsia characterized by convulsion
The instrument used to open the vagina to conduct a pelvic exam is called:
speculum
placenta
structure that grows on the wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows for nourishment of the fetus
In the term colp/o/cleisis, the suffix means
surgical closure
tubal ligation
surgical closure of the uterine tubes for sterilization; tubes may be cut and tied, cut and cauterized, or closed off with a clamp
colpocleisis
surgical closure of the vagina
mastopexy
surgical fixation of the breast
hysteropexy
surgical fixation of the uterus
dialation and curettage (D&C)
surgical procedure to widen the cervix and remove contents from the uterus using a curette, an instrument for scraping or suctioning; the procedure can be diagnostic or therapeutic
amniocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate amniotic fluid (the needle is inserted through the abdominal and uterine walls, using ultrasound to guide the needle. The fluid is used for the assessment of fetal health and maturity to aid in diagnosing fetal abnormalities.)
mastectomy
surgical removal of a breast
conization
surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (A&P repair)
surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (protrusion of the bladder against the anterior wall of the vagina) and a rectocele (protrusion of the rectum against the posterior wall of the vagina)
colpoplasty
surgical repair of the vagina
episioperineoplasty
surgical repair of the vulva and perineum
episiorrhaphy
suturing of (a tear in) the vulva
colporrhapy
suturing of the vagina (wall of the vagina)
colpoperineorrhaphy
suturing of the vagina and perineum
premenstrual syndrome
syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring in the 10 days before menstruation
apgar score
system for rapid neonatal assessment at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
stereotactic breast biopsy
technique that combines mammography and computer-assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion
The drug thalidomide taken by the mother was a producing malformation risk for the fetus
teratogenic
abortion (AB)
termination of pregnancy by the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus before viability, usually before 20 weeks of gestation
myomectomy
the surgical removal/excision of uterine fibroid (myoma)
colostrum
thin, milky fluid secreted by the breast during pregnancy and during the first days after birth before lactation begins
transvaginal sonography (TVS)
ultrasound procedure that uses a transducer placed in the vagina to obtain images of the ovaries, uterus, cervix, uterine tubes, and surrounding structures; used to diagnose masses such as ovarian cysts or tumors, to monitor pregnancy, and to evaluate ovulation for the treatment of infertility
fetus
unborn offspring from the beginning of the ninth week of pregnancy until birth
embryo
unborn offspring in the process of development from implantation of the zygote to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy
A vesicovaginal fistula is an abnormal passage way between the vagina and the:
urinary bladder
Also called myoma of the uterus and leiomyoma, this is a benign tumor of the uterine muscle
uterine fibroid
The combining form metr/o means:
uterus
lochia
vaginal discharge after childbirth
Ab abnormal opening between the vagina and another organ, such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum is
vaginal fistula
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity
pelviscopy
visual examination of the pelvic cavity
hysterscopy
visual examination of the uterus
colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
hydrosalpinx
water in the uterine tubes
The word root in gynecology means
woman
