Chapter 8

The adult swallowing pattern includes

1. Elevation of the larynx 2. Elevation of the velum 3. Depression of the epiglottis

The ______ is the mass of food or liquid that has been prepared for swallowing

Bolus

Failure of the tongue to exert sufficient superior force on the hard palate and upper dental arch during swallow will result in

1. Collapse of the upper dental arch 2. Highly vaulted hard palate

Superior force of the tongue directed toward the hard palate during swallow

1. Is critical to development of the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles 2. Is critical to proper spreading of the dental arch 3. Is a hallmark of the mature swallow

The sucking reflexes can be stimulated by

1. Light stimulation of the lips in neonates 2. Visual presentation of food in older infants

Soft contact with the inner margin of the lips of a newborn will result in

1. Protrusion and retraction of the tongue 2. Elevation and depression of the mandible

The sucking reflex includes

1. Pumping the tongue forward and back repeatedly 2. Elevation and depression of the mandible 3. Swallow of bolus after four or five pumps of the tongue

Upon invitation of the pharyngeal stage of swallow, the vocal folds ______

Adduct

Which of these statements is not true?

All of the above are true?

Infant dentition begins erupting

Around the six month

___________ refers to an infection acquires as a result of food or liquid entering the lungs.

Aspiration Pneumonia

An infant can

Breathe and swallow at the same time

Weak ____ musculature can result in pocketing of food in the cheeks

Buccal

Mediates olfactory sense

Chemoreceptors

taste receptors belong to this class of receptors

Chemoreceptors

Mediated by Pacinian corpuscles

Deep pressure

The process of swallowing is termed

Deglutition

__________ refers to the process of swallowing

Deglutition

___________ refers to disorders of swallowing

Dysphagia

The term meaning disorders of swallowing is

Dysphasia

During the pharyngeal stage of swallow, the larynx _____

Elevates

The ________ stage of swallowing involves transit of the bolus to the stomach

Esophageal

The larynx descends

Esophageal stage

The lower esophageal sphincter opens

Esophageal stage

The ______ reflex involves elevation of the soft palate.

Gag

Involves elevation of the larynx, elevation of the velum, and protrusion of the tongue, but not expulsion

Gag reflex

hairless skin cells

Glabrous cells

Sense of taste

Gustation

A lesion of the __________ nerve can result in failure to trigger the pharyngeal reflexes involved in swallowing

IX glossopharyngeal

Innervates parotid gland

IX glossopharyngeal nerve

The bolus is moved down the pharynx by means of

Increased pharyngeal pressure

A lip seal is important because

It keeps food and liquid in the mouth during mastication and it helps maintains the positive pressure for swallowing

Velar closure during the swallow is important because

It keeps one from having nasal regurgitation and it provides a seal for the positive pressure of swallowing

The important function of the buccal musculature in mastication and deglutition is

Keeping food or liquid out of the buccal cavity and keeping food or liquid on the molars for chewing

Mediated by Merkel disk receptors

Light pressure

A tight ________ is requires to keep food from exiting the mouth during mastication and deglutition

Lip seal

The process of preparing food for swallowing is termed

Mastication

__________ refers to the processes involved in preparation of the bolus for swallowing

Mastication

Class of receptors that respond to physical deformation

Mechanoreceptors

Pacinian corpuscles belong to this class of receptors

Mechanoreceptors

Superficial cutaneous mechanoreceptors that sense minute movement

Meissner's corpsuscles

A tight lip seal requires contraction of the lower lip muscle called the _______

Mentalis

Superficial cutaneous mechanoreceptor for light pressure

Merkel disk receptors

Projections from the taste sensor that hold a food molecule in position

Microvilli

Aids in bolus formation

Mucoidal saliva

Mediated by muscle spindles

Muscle stretch

Mediated by Golgi tendon organs

Muscle tension

Raw nerve ending

Nociception

Sense of pain

Nociception

Sense of smell

Olfaction

The _______ stage of swallowing involves transit of the bolus to the pharynx

Oral

Food is chewed

Oral preparation stage

Food is formed into a bolus

Oral preparation stage

Food is mixed with saliva

Oral preparation stage

Food is received into the oral cavity

Oral preparation stage

Starch is broken down into sugar

Oral preparation stage

The ______ stage refers to the initial processes of mastication

Oral preparatory

The bolus is transported toward the pharynx

Oral stage

The bolus makes contact with the faucial pillars

Oral stage

Deep cutaneous mechanoreceptors for deep pressure

Pacinian corpuscles

Activated by stimulation of nociceptors

Pain reflex

Prominences on the tongue

Papillae

Secretes serous saliva

Parotid gland

Which of the following is not considered part of mastication

Passing the bonus into the pharynx

Contact of the bolus with the faucets, posterior tongue base, or velum appears to trigger the beginning of the _______ stage of swallow

Pharyngeal

The ________ stage of swallowing involves transit of the bolus through the pharynx

Pharyngeal

Respiration ceases

Pharyngeal stage

The epiglottis lowers to cover the airway

Pharyngeal stage

The esophageal sphincter relaxes

Pharyngeal stage

The larynx elevates

Pharyngeal stage

The velum elevates

Pharyngeal stage

The vocal folds tightly adduct

Pharyngeal stage

In an infant, the epiglottis

Remains elevated during the swallow and remains in contact with the velum during the swallow

Contains all the same reflexive responses inherent in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing

Rooting reflex

Designated to help neonate find a source of food

Rooting reflex

Involves turning toward a stimulus that has touches an infants cheek

Rooting reflex

Stimulated by lightly brushing the cheek

Rooting reflex

Deep cutaneous mechanoreceptors for tissue stretch

Ruffini endings

Pacinian corpuscles

Sense deep vibration

Thermal sensors

Sense heat

Merkel disc receptors

Sense light movement

Meissners corpuscles

Sense light vibration

Nociceptors

Sense pain

Ruffini endings

Sense stretch in deep tissues

Aids in bolus transport through the pharynx and down the esophagus

Serous saliva

The adult pharynx

Serves as a passageway for both food and air

Secretes mucoidal saliva

Sublingual gland

Secretes both mucoidal and serous saliva

Submandibular gland

Can be elicited by lightly stroking the inner surface of the lips

Sucking reflex

Involves anterior and posterior pumping of the tongue

Sucking reflex

Involves elevating and depressing the mandible

Sucking reflex

Openings in the lingual epithelium that house echemoceptors

Taste pores

Chemoreceptors on the tongue

Taste sensor

Stroking the cheek of a neonate will result in

The infant orienting to the side of the stimulation

The term ''bolus'' refers to

The mass of food being prepared for swallowing

The ______ moves the food onto the molars for chewing

Tongue

The muscles of mastication are innervated by the _______ nerve

Trigeminal

A lesion of he ________ nerve may result in paralysis of the muscles that insert into the orbicularis oris

VII facial

A tight lip seal is accomplishes by muscles innervated during by the ______________ nerve

VII facial

Damage to the ________ nerve can result in weak buccal musculature and pocketing of food in the cheeks

VII facial

Innervates the sublingual gland

VII facial muscle

Paralysis of the ________ will result in nasal regurgitation during swallow

Velum

Involves simultaneous forceful contraction of the abdominal muscles, tight closure of the airway, and opening of the upper esophageal sphincter

Vomit reflex

A lesion of the ________ nerve may result in paralysis of the tongue

XII hypoglossal

Movement of the tongue requires intact function of the _________ nerve

XII hypoglossal