Chapter 8
The adult swallowing pattern includes
1. Elevation of the larynx 2. Elevation of the velum 3. Depression of the epiglottis
The ______ is the mass of food or liquid that has been prepared for swallowing
Bolus
Failure of the tongue to exert sufficient superior force on the hard palate and upper dental arch during swallow will result in
1. Collapse of the upper dental arch 2. Highly vaulted hard palate
Superior force of the tongue directed toward the hard palate during swallow
1. Is critical to development of the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles 2. Is critical to proper spreading of the dental arch 3. Is a hallmark of the mature swallow
The sucking reflexes can be stimulated by
1. Light stimulation of the lips in neonates 2. Visual presentation of food in older infants
Soft contact with the inner margin of the lips of a newborn will result in
1. Protrusion and retraction of the tongue 2. Elevation and depression of the mandible
The sucking reflex includes
1. Pumping the tongue forward and back repeatedly 2. Elevation and depression of the mandible 3. Swallow of bolus after four or five pumps of the tongue
Upon invitation of the pharyngeal stage of swallow, the vocal folds ______
Adduct
Which of these statements is not true?
All of the above are true?
Infant dentition begins erupting
Around the six month
___________ refers to an infection acquires as a result of food or liquid entering the lungs.
Aspiration Pneumonia
An infant can
Breathe and swallow at the same time
Weak ____ musculature can result in pocketing of food in the cheeks
Buccal
Mediates olfactory sense
Chemoreceptors
taste receptors belong to this class of receptors
Chemoreceptors
Mediated by Pacinian corpuscles
Deep pressure
The process of swallowing is termed
Deglutition
__________ refers to the process of swallowing
Deglutition
___________ refers to disorders of swallowing
Dysphagia
The term meaning disorders of swallowing is
Dysphasia
During the pharyngeal stage of swallow, the larynx _____
Elevates
The ________ stage of swallowing involves transit of the bolus to the stomach
Esophageal
The larynx descends
Esophageal stage
The lower esophageal sphincter opens
Esophageal stage
The ______ reflex involves elevation of the soft palate.
Gag
Involves elevation of the larynx, elevation of the velum, and protrusion of the tongue, but not expulsion
Gag reflex
hairless skin cells
Glabrous cells
Sense of taste
Gustation
A lesion of the __________ nerve can result in failure to trigger the pharyngeal reflexes involved in swallowing
IX glossopharyngeal
Innervates parotid gland
IX glossopharyngeal nerve
The bolus is moved down the pharynx by means of
Increased pharyngeal pressure
A lip seal is important because
It keeps food and liquid in the mouth during mastication and it helps maintains the positive pressure for swallowing
Velar closure during the swallow is important because
It keeps one from having nasal regurgitation and it provides a seal for the positive pressure of swallowing
The important function of the buccal musculature in mastication and deglutition is
Keeping food or liquid out of the buccal cavity and keeping food or liquid on the molars for chewing
Mediated by Merkel disk receptors
Light pressure
A tight ________ is requires to keep food from exiting the mouth during mastication and deglutition
Lip seal
The process of preparing food for swallowing is termed
Mastication
__________ refers to the processes involved in preparation of the bolus for swallowing
Mastication
Class of receptors that respond to physical deformation
Mechanoreceptors
Pacinian corpuscles belong to this class of receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Superficial cutaneous mechanoreceptors that sense minute movement
Meissner's corpsuscles
A tight lip seal requires contraction of the lower lip muscle called the _______
Mentalis
Superficial cutaneous mechanoreceptor for light pressure
Merkel disk receptors
Projections from the taste sensor that hold a food molecule in position
Microvilli
Aids in bolus formation
Mucoidal saliva
Mediated by muscle spindles
Muscle stretch
Mediated by Golgi tendon organs
Muscle tension
Raw nerve ending
Nociception
Sense of pain
Nociception
Sense of smell
Olfaction
The _______ stage of swallowing involves transit of the bolus to the pharynx
Oral
Food is chewed
Oral preparation stage
Food is formed into a bolus
Oral preparation stage
Food is mixed with saliva
Oral preparation stage
Food is received into the oral cavity
Oral preparation stage
Starch is broken down into sugar
Oral preparation stage
The ______ stage refers to the initial processes of mastication
Oral preparatory
The bolus is transported toward the pharynx
Oral stage
The bolus makes contact with the faucial pillars
Oral stage
Deep cutaneous mechanoreceptors for deep pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
Activated by stimulation of nociceptors
Pain reflex
Prominences on the tongue
Papillae
Secretes serous saliva
Parotid gland
Which of the following is not considered part of mastication
Passing the bonus into the pharynx
Contact of the bolus with the faucets, posterior tongue base, or velum appears to trigger the beginning of the _______ stage of swallow
Pharyngeal
The ________ stage of swallowing involves transit of the bolus through the pharynx
Pharyngeal
Respiration ceases
Pharyngeal stage
The epiglottis lowers to cover the airway
Pharyngeal stage
The esophageal sphincter relaxes
Pharyngeal stage
The larynx elevates
Pharyngeal stage
The velum elevates
Pharyngeal stage
The vocal folds tightly adduct
Pharyngeal stage
In an infant, the epiglottis
Remains elevated during the swallow and remains in contact with the velum during the swallow
Contains all the same reflexive responses inherent in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
Rooting reflex
Designated to help neonate find a source of food
Rooting reflex
Involves turning toward a stimulus that has touches an infants cheek
Rooting reflex
Stimulated by lightly brushing the cheek
Rooting reflex
Deep cutaneous mechanoreceptors for tissue stretch
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Sense deep vibration
Thermal sensors
Sense heat
Merkel disc receptors
Sense light movement
Meissners corpuscles
Sense light vibration
Nociceptors
Sense pain
Ruffini endings
Sense stretch in deep tissues
Aids in bolus transport through the pharynx and down the esophagus
Serous saliva
The adult pharynx
Serves as a passageway for both food and air
Secretes mucoidal saliva
Sublingual gland
Secretes both mucoidal and serous saliva
Submandibular gland
Can be elicited by lightly stroking the inner surface of the lips
Sucking reflex
Involves anterior and posterior pumping of the tongue
Sucking reflex
Involves elevating and depressing the mandible
Sucking reflex
Openings in the lingual epithelium that house echemoceptors
Taste pores
Chemoreceptors on the tongue
Taste sensor
Stroking the cheek of a neonate will result in
The infant orienting to the side of the stimulation
The term ''bolus'' refers to
The mass of food being prepared for swallowing
The ______ moves the food onto the molars for chewing
Tongue
The muscles of mastication are innervated by the _______ nerve
Trigeminal
A lesion of he ________ nerve may result in paralysis of the muscles that insert into the orbicularis oris
VII facial
A tight lip seal is accomplishes by muscles innervated during by the ______________ nerve
VII facial
Damage to the ________ nerve can result in weak buccal musculature and pocketing of food in the cheeks
VII facial
Innervates the sublingual gland
VII facial muscle
Paralysis of the ________ will result in nasal regurgitation during swallow
Velum
Involves simultaneous forceful contraction of the abdominal muscles, tight closure of the airway, and opening of the upper esophageal sphincter
Vomit reflex
A lesion of the ________ nerve may result in paralysis of the tongue
XII hypoglossal
Movement of the tongue requires intact function of the _________ nerve
XII hypoglossal