chapter 8 - articulations (espinoza)

metacarpophalangeal joint

BIaxial between proximal phalanges and metacarpals

hinge joint

CONVEX articular surface of one bone interacts with CONCAVE depression of second bone; allows for UNIAXIAL movement

flexion

DEC angle between bones by bringing bone closer to another

extension

INC angle between bones (opposite of flextion) bones move AWAY from one another

angular movements

INC or DEC angle between articulating bones

tendon sheath

LONG bursa; surrounds tendons; PROTECTS tendons as they slide across joint

elbow joint

ONE AXIS, acts like hinge. allows motion in ONE PLANE perpendicular to axis

shock absorption (synovial fluid)

helps to evenly distribute stress and force on articular surfaces during movement

epiphyseal plates

hyaline cartilage; connects diaphyses and epiphyses of developing long bones.

gomphosis (SYNarthrosis)

immoveable joint between each TOOTH and BONY SOCKET in JAW. periodontal ligament is strong fibrous membrane and links tooth firmly to jaw bone.

suture

immoveable joint between edges of bones; make up cranium; FULLY FUSED sutures are very stable

bursitis

inflammation of bursa

arthritis is what?

inflammation of one or more joint; resulting in pain and limitations of joint movement

plane joint example

intercarpal joint

cartilaginous (semi movable) example ?

intervertebral discs

gouty arthritis

joint DAMAGE due to inflammatory reaction to URIC ACID CRYSTAL deposits

rheumatoid arthritis

joint DESTRUCTION mediated by individual's own IMMUNE SYSTEM

synDESMOSIS (AMPHIarthrosis)

joint between TIBIA & FIBULA, ULNA & RADIUS. bones joined by interosseous membrane or ligament composed of DENSE REGULAR collagenous connective tissue; small movement

structural elements of synovial joints include what ?

joint cavity, articular capsule, and synovial fluid

synovial (freely movable) example ?

joints like knee, shoulder, or elbows

what are the 3 main functions of synovial fluid?

lubrication, transportation, and shock absorption

condylar or ellipsoid joint example

metacarpophalangeal joint

osteoarthritis

most common form, WEAR & TEAR, injuries, advanced age, lost mobililty

plane joint (GLIDING joint)

most simple and least mobile articulation between flat surfaces of two bones

ABduction

motion of body part AWAY from midline of body

ADDuction

motion of body part TOWARD midline of body or another reference point; opposite of ABduction

supination

movement that turns the palm up

artho-

movement/functional

depression (special movement)

moves body part in INFERIOR

elevation (special movement)

moves body part in SUPERIOR direction

protraction (special movement)

moves body part in anterior direction

retraction

moves body part in posterior direction

transportation (synovial fluid)

moves nutrients and waste products in absence of blood vessels within joint

ball and socket joint

multiaxial articulation; articulating surface of one bone is SPHERICAL; fits into cup shaped depression in second bond; wide range of motion around all 3 available axes

syn-

no movement

synARTHROSIS

no movement between articulation bones

rotation

non angular motion; one bone rotates on an imaginary line running down its middle longitudinal axis

circumduction

only UNPAIRED angular movements; FREELY moveable DISTAL bone moves on fixed proximal bone in CONE shaped motion

reposition (special movement)

opposite movement returns thumb to anatomical position

what are the 3 common types of arthritis?

osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

what are suture joints well suited for?

protecting the brain

lubrication

reduces friction between articulating surfaces

what is an inflammatory disease that causes bursitis?

rheumatoid arthritis

eversion

rotates foot laterally away from midline

inversion

rotational motion; plantar surface of foot rotates medially toward midline of body

pivot joint

rounded end surface of one bone fits into groove on surface of second bone; uniaxial movement; one bone pivots or rotates around other

what is an example of multiaxial joint?

shoulder

ball and socket joint example

shoulder and hip joint

what are the most common sites of bursitis?

shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

avascular (structural elements of synovial joints)

since it is isolated within capsule; RELIES on synovial fluid for OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, and WASTE REMOVAL

fibrous (immovable) example ?

skull

gliding movements

sliding motion between articulating surfaces, NONaxial

AMPHIarthrosis

small amount of movement between articulating bones

what does articular cartilage provide?

smooth surface for articulating bones to interact; reduces wear and tear created by FRICTION

joint cavity (synovial cavity)

space between articulating bones

burae and tendon sheaths provide what ?

stabilization forces in high stress regions

what do tendons provide?

stabilization when muscles are CONTRACTED

ligament

strand of DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE; links one bone to another; provides additional STRENGTH and reinforcement to joint

tendon

structural component of skeletal muscle; DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE; connects muscle to bone

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints ?

sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses

bursa

synovial fluid-filled fibrous structure; MINIMIZES friction between HIGH stress friction between moving parts of joints

synovial fluid

thick liquid with three main functions : lubrication, transportation, shock absorption

articular cartilage

thin layer of HYALINE cartilage; covers all exposed articulating bones within joint

pronation

turning the palm downward

condylar or ellipsoid joint

biaxial joint; oval, CONVEX surface of one bone fits into shallow, CONCAVE articular surface of second bone

epiphyseal plates are replaced with what during maturation?

bone

synCHONDROSIS

bones linked together by HYALINE CARTILAGE; synARTHROses

symphysis

bones united by fibrocartilaginous pad or plug. functionally AMPHIarthroses

what can result from single traumatic event (fall), repetitive movements (pitching baseball) or inflammatory disease?

bursitis

saddle joint example

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

muscle tone

continuous level of muscle contraction; provides stabilizing force

what happens if motion is occuring at epiphyseal plate ?

could disrupt structure, function and possibily development

synOVIAL joints

diARTHROsis joints have layer of HYALINE CARTILAGE on articulating surface of each bone. joint space is fluid-filled cavity between articulation bones

articular capsule

double layered structure

saddle joint

each bone's articulating surface has BOTH CONCAVE and CONVEX region; great deal of motion for biaxial joint

hinge joint example

elbow joint

hyperextension

extension BEYOND anatomical position of joint

fibrous joints

fastened together by DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITHOUT joint space between articulation bones. [can be SYNarthroses or AMPHIarthroses]

cartilaginous joints

fastened together with CARTILAGE WITHOUT joint space. [SYNarthroses or AMPHIarthroses]

what are the 3 angular movements?

flexion, extension, and hyperextension

what is circumduction a combo of?

flexion-extension and abduction-adduciton

diARTHROsis

freely movable

what are some other components of synovial joint?

adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

uniaxial joints

allow motion around ONLY ONE axis

multiaxial (triaxial) joints

allow motion around THREE AXES

biaxial joints

allow motion around TWO AXES

nonaxial joints

allow motion in one or more planes WITHOUT moving around axis

opposition (special movement)

allows thumb to move across palmar surface of hand

dorsiflexion

angle between foot and leg decreases

plantarflexion

angle between foot and leg increases

pivot joint example

atlantoaxial joint

intervertebral joints

between adjacent vertebral bodies of spinal column

pubic symphysis

between pubic bones of pelvic girdle