chapter 8 - articulations (espinoza)
metacarpophalangeal joint
BIaxial between proximal phalanges and metacarpals
hinge joint
CONVEX articular surface of one bone interacts with CONCAVE depression of second bone; allows for UNIAXIAL movement
flexion
DEC angle between bones by bringing bone closer to another
extension
INC angle between bones (opposite of flextion) bones move AWAY from one another
angular movements
INC or DEC angle between articulating bones
tendon sheath
LONG bursa; surrounds tendons; PROTECTS tendons as they slide across joint
elbow joint
ONE AXIS, acts like hinge. allows motion in ONE PLANE perpendicular to axis
shock absorption (synovial fluid)
helps to evenly distribute stress and force on articular surfaces during movement
epiphyseal plates
hyaline cartilage; connects diaphyses and epiphyses of developing long bones.
gomphosis (SYNarthrosis)
immoveable joint between each TOOTH and BONY SOCKET in JAW. periodontal ligament is strong fibrous membrane and links tooth firmly to jaw bone.
suture
immoveable joint between edges of bones; make up cranium; FULLY FUSED sutures are very stable
bursitis
inflammation of bursa
arthritis is what?
inflammation of one or more joint; resulting in pain and limitations of joint movement
plane joint example
intercarpal joint
cartilaginous (semi movable) example ?
intervertebral discs
gouty arthritis
joint DAMAGE due to inflammatory reaction to URIC ACID CRYSTAL deposits
rheumatoid arthritis
joint DESTRUCTION mediated by individual's own IMMUNE SYSTEM
synDESMOSIS (AMPHIarthrosis)
joint between TIBIA & FIBULA, ULNA & RADIUS. bones joined by interosseous membrane or ligament composed of DENSE REGULAR collagenous connective tissue; small movement
structural elements of synovial joints include what ?
joint cavity, articular capsule, and synovial fluid
synovial (freely movable) example ?
joints like knee, shoulder, or elbows
what are the 3 main functions of synovial fluid?
lubrication, transportation, and shock absorption
condylar or ellipsoid joint example
metacarpophalangeal joint
osteoarthritis
most common form, WEAR & TEAR, injuries, advanced age, lost mobililty
plane joint (GLIDING joint)
most simple and least mobile articulation between flat surfaces of two bones
ABduction
motion of body part AWAY from midline of body
ADDuction
motion of body part TOWARD midline of body or another reference point; opposite of ABduction
supination
movement that turns the palm up
artho-
movement/functional
depression (special movement)
moves body part in INFERIOR
elevation (special movement)
moves body part in SUPERIOR direction
protraction (special movement)
moves body part in anterior direction
retraction
moves body part in posterior direction
transportation (synovial fluid)
moves nutrients and waste products in absence of blood vessels within joint
ball and socket joint
multiaxial articulation; articulating surface of one bone is SPHERICAL; fits into cup shaped depression in second bond; wide range of motion around all 3 available axes
syn-
no movement
synARTHROSIS
no movement between articulation bones
rotation
non angular motion; one bone rotates on an imaginary line running down its middle longitudinal axis
circumduction
only UNPAIRED angular movements; FREELY moveable DISTAL bone moves on fixed proximal bone in CONE shaped motion
reposition (special movement)
opposite movement returns thumb to anatomical position
what are the 3 common types of arthritis?
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
what are suture joints well suited for?
protecting the brain
lubrication
reduces friction between articulating surfaces
what is an inflammatory disease that causes bursitis?
rheumatoid arthritis
eversion
rotates foot laterally away from midline
inversion
rotational motion; plantar surface of foot rotates medially toward midline of body
pivot joint
rounded end surface of one bone fits into groove on surface of second bone; uniaxial movement; one bone pivots or rotates around other
what is an example of multiaxial joint?
shoulder
ball and socket joint example
shoulder and hip joint
what are the most common sites of bursitis?
shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
avascular (structural elements of synovial joints)
since it is isolated within capsule; RELIES on synovial fluid for OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, and WASTE REMOVAL
fibrous (immovable) example ?
skull
gliding movements
sliding motion between articulating surfaces, NONaxial
AMPHIarthrosis
small amount of movement between articulating bones
what does articular cartilage provide?
smooth surface for articulating bones to interact; reduces wear and tear created by FRICTION
joint cavity (synovial cavity)
space between articulating bones
burae and tendon sheaths provide what ?
stabilization forces in high stress regions
what do tendons provide?
stabilization when muscles are CONTRACTED
ligament
strand of DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE; links one bone to another; provides additional STRENGTH and reinforcement to joint
tendon
structural component of skeletal muscle; DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE; connects muscle to bone
what are the 3 types of fibrous joints ?
sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses
bursa
synovial fluid-filled fibrous structure; MINIMIZES friction between HIGH stress friction between moving parts of joints
synovial fluid
thick liquid with three main functions : lubrication, transportation, shock absorption
articular cartilage
thin layer of HYALINE cartilage; covers all exposed articulating bones within joint
pronation
turning the palm downward
condylar or ellipsoid joint
biaxial joint; oval, CONVEX surface of one bone fits into shallow, CONCAVE articular surface of second bone
epiphyseal plates are replaced with what during maturation?
bone
synCHONDROSIS
bones linked together by HYALINE CARTILAGE; synARTHROses
symphysis
bones united by fibrocartilaginous pad or plug. functionally AMPHIarthroses
what can result from single traumatic event (fall), repetitive movements (pitching baseball) or inflammatory disease?
bursitis
saddle joint example
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
muscle tone
continuous level of muscle contraction; provides stabilizing force
what happens if motion is occuring at epiphyseal plate ?
could disrupt structure, function and possibily development
synOVIAL joints
diARTHROsis joints have layer of HYALINE CARTILAGE on articulating surface of each bone. joint space is fluid-filled cavity between articulation bones
articular capsule
double layered structure
saddle joint
each bone's articulating surface has BOTH CONCAVE and CONVEX region; great deal of motion for biaxial joint
hinge joint example
elbow joint
hyperextension
extension BEYOND anatomical position of joint
fibrous joints
fastened together by DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITHOUT joint space between articulation bones. [can be SYNarthroses or AMPHIarthroses]
cartilaginous joints
fastened together with CARTILAGE WITHOUT joint space. [SYNarthroses or AMPHIarthroses]
what are the 3 angular movements?
flexion, extension, and hyperextension
what is circumduction a combo of?
flexion-extension and abduction-adduciton
diARTHROsis
freely movable
what are some other components of synovial joint?
adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
uniaxial joints
allow motion around ONLY ONE axis
multiaxial (triaxial) joints
allow motion around THREE AXES
biaxial joints
allow motion around TWO AXES
nonaxial joints
allow motion in one or more planes WITHOUT moving around axis
opposition (special movement)
allows thumb to move across palmar surface of hand
dorsiflexion
angle between foot and leg decreases
plantarflexion
angle between foot and leg increases
pivot joint example
atlantoaxial joint
intervertebral joints
between adjacent vertebral bodies of spinal column
pubic symphysis
between pubic bones of pelvic girdle