chapter 8 exam
A(n) _________ rat is characterized by under eating. hyperphagic aphagic epiphagic hyperglycemic
An aphagicrat is characterized by under eating. See "Hunger" from chapter 8 for more information.
Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as _____. self-dealing self-degradation self-actualization self-assessment
Self-actualization
The _________ is the final phase of the sexual response cycle. resolution phase orgasmic phase plateau phase excitement phase
The resolution phase
When a rat's ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is destroyed, the rat will: develop aversion for food. stop eating any food. begin to eat uncontrollably. continue to eat its normal amount of food.
When the VMN is destroyed, the rat becomes hyperphagic. That is, it continues to eat until it has about doubled its normal weight
_____ is the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future. Parasympathetic psychology Positive psychology Forensic Psychology Psychoanalysis
Positive psychology
_____ is an example of a psychological need. Food Oxygen Water Power
Psychological needs include needs for achievement, power, self-esteem, social approval, and belonging. See 8-1: The Psychology of Motivation
_________ is the state of being satisfied. Need Homeostasis Instinct Satiety
Satiety is the state of being satisfied. See "Hunger" from chapter 8 for more information.
_____individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the other gender. Heterosexual Homosexual Asexual Bisexual
Heterosexual individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the other gender
When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely: eat until it doubles in size. search frantically for food. become hyperphagic. become aphagic.
If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus, the rat may stop eating altogether—that is, become aphagic. See 8-3: Hunger
The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by _____. clitoris relaxation low blood pressure decrease in heartbeat vaginal lubrication
vaginal lubrication
Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity? Anorexia nervosa High fat-to-muscle ratio Aphagic tendency High metabolism rate
A person with a high fat-to-muscle ratio metabolizes food more slowly than a person of the same weight with more muscle. See 8-3: Hunger
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and recently has lost a lot of weight. Even after this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from? Anorexia nervosa Hyperphagia Bulimia nervosa Adaptive thermogenesis
Daniella suffers from anorexia nervosa. It is a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by extreme fear of being too heavy, dramatic weight loss, a distorted body image, and resistance to eating enough to reach or maintain a healthful weight. See 8-3: Hunger
Eli is a student in school. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to get into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _____. altruism intrinsic rewards extrinsic rewards self-actualization drive
Eli's performance goals are met through extrinsic rewards. Performance goals are usually met through extrinsic rewards such as praise and income. See 8-5: Achievement Motivation
A(n) _____ is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components. stimulation instinct emotion incentive
Emotions are defined as feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. See 8-6: Emotion
_________ is the periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals. Instinct Estrus Subliminal stimulation Repression
Estrusis the periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals. See "Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation" from chapter 8 for more information.
In the context of the sexual response cycle, _____ is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm. erstus myotonia vasocongestion ejaculation
Grimacing and orgasms are a result of myotonia. Myotonia is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm. See 8-4: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
_____individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the other gender. Heterosexual Homosexual Asexual Bisexual
Heterosexual individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the other gender. See: 8-4: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
_____ individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender. Metrosexual Homosexual Heterosexual Asexual
Homosexual individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender. See: 8-4: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? It states that individuals can at the same time strive to achieve physiological and self-actualization needs. It states that esteem needs represent the highest level of needs. It accounts for individual differences in motivation. It states that humans are motivated by a desire for personal growth.
Maslow believed that people are also motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
According to social-cognitive theorists, sexual orientation can be attributed to: neural prewiring. sex hormones. genetic factors. observational learning.
Social-cognitive theorists look for the roles of factors such as reinforcement and observational learning in sexual orientation. See: 8-4: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____. cognitive-dissonance theory Cannon-Bard theory cognitive appraisal theory James-Lange theory
The experimental findings can be explained by the cognitive appraisal theory of Schachter and Singer.
The _________ is a problem affecting female athletes involving low availabilityof energy and loss of bone density. female estrus female athlete triad female athlete adjunct female myotonia
The female athlete triad is a problem affecting female athletes involving lowavailability of energy and loss of bone density. See "Hunger" from chapter 8 for more information.
The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed as a(n)_________. orgasm infarction stressor repression
The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed as an orgasm.See "Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation" from chapter 8 for more information.
A(n) _________involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals. instinct intuition need drive
instinct
A(n) _____ is a condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need. drive stimulation instinct incentive
A drive
A(n)_________rat is characterized by excessive eating. hypoglycemic aphagic hyperphagic epiphagic
A hyperphagic rat is characterized by excessive eating
_________ is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine. Adaptive thermogenesis Adaptive mutagenesis Adaptive thermodynamics Adaptive motivation
Aadaptive thermogenesisis a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine.See "Hunger" from chapter 8 for more information
According to research performed by Bray and Bouchard, _____. more than two out of three adult Americans are overweight obesity is not linked with hypertension less than 10% of Americans are overweight people with high fat-to-muscle ratios metabolize food slowly
According to Bray and Bouchard, more than two out of three adult Americans are overweight and one in three are obese. See 8-3: Hunger
The drive-reduction theory of Hull states that: organisms seek to increase stimulation. primary drives are triggered in a state of satiety. hunger and pain trigger arousal and activate behavior. primary drives are acquired through experience.
According to Hull, primary drives such as hunger, thirst, and pain trigger arousal (tension) and activate behavior. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
According to _____, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior. facial-feedback hypothesis triarchic theory cognitive-dissonance theory Lynn effect
According to cognitive-dissonance theory, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
_________are the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior. Nonconscious effects Repressing effects Activating effects Controlling effects
Activating effects are the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.See "Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation" from chapter 8 for more information.
Alina thinks that she is overweight even if she is not. She often indulges in binge eating and later vomits the food out forcefully. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from? Porphyria Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Adaptive thermogenesis
Alina is most likely suffering from bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging.
A(n) _________involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals. instinct intuition need drive
An instinct involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals.See "Theories of Motivation" from chapter 8 for more information.
Cognitive theorists note that: people represent their worlds mentally. people's behavior is mechanical and aimed toward survival. people are motivated to reduce tension. motivation is independent of environmental factors.
Cognitive theorists note that people represent their worlds mentally. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
._________ is process of propelling semen from the penis. Vasocongestion Myotonia Ejaculation Refraction
Ejaculationis the process of propelling semen from the penis.See "Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation" from chapter 8 for more information.
Which of the following is a characteristic of polygraphs for lie detection? Drugs and pain can increase their accuracy. Tense muscles will reduce their accuracy. They are always admitted in court as evidence. They monitor parasympathetic arousal.
Factors such as tense muscles, drugs, and previous experience with polygraph tests can significantly reduce their accuracy rate.
Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more things. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his _____. self-actualization needs physiological needs safety needs love and belongingness needs
In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his self-actualization needs. Maslow believed we progress toward higher psychological needs once basic survival needs have been met. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____ needs. self-dealing safety altruistic prosocial
In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her safety needs. Maslow believed we progress toward higher psychological needs once basic survival needs have been met. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
Which of the following is true of the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle? It is characterized by myotonia and vasocongestion. During this phase, women cannot experience orgasm. During this phase, men enter a refractory period. It is characterized by rapid increase in heart rate in both men and women.
In the resolution phase, after orgasm, the body returns to its unaroused state. Men enter a refractory period during which they cannot experience another orgasm or ejaculate. Women do not undergo a refractory period and therefore can become quickly re-aroused to the point of repeated (multiple) orgasm. See: 8-4: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
Motives are: seen and measured directly. inferred from behavior. states of deprivation. inherent dispositions.
Motives are called "hypothetical states" because they are not seen and measured directly. They are inferred from behavior. See 8-1: The Psychology of Motivation
_________ is the directional effect of sex hormones. Refractive effect Organizing effect Activating effect Controlling effect
Organizing effect is the directional effect of sex hormones.See "Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation" from chapter 8 for more information
Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich which satisfies her hunger. The return to the normal bodily function without the hunger pangs is called _____. homeostasis homeorhesis metastasis estrus
Sensations of hunger motivate us to act in ways that will restore the bodily balance. This tendency to maintain a steady state is called homeostasis. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations. It contains different words that must be made into coherent sentences. It contains mathematical puzzles that candidates must solve. It involves the use of extrinsic rewards.
The TAT contains cards with pictures and drawings that are subject to various interpretations. See 8-5: Achievement Motivation
The _________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration. corpus callosum metasympathetic nervous system olfactory system autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration. See "Emotion" from chapter 8 for more information.
Aria works at a marketing research firm.Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her idea so as to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _____. Schachter's cognitive appraisal theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Hull's drive-reduction theory Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
The behavior is consistent with Piaget's cognitive developmental theory. According to this theory, people try to eliminate inconsistencies in information so that their ability to make sense of the world remains whole. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation? It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted. It states that animals do not have prewired tendencies to respond to situations. It states that social influences rather than heredity factors determine behavior. It states that humans are the only species that displays instinctive behavior.
The evolutionary perspective emphasizes that instinctive behaviors are species-specific and are inborn. They are genetically transmitted from generation to generation. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation
In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____. cognitive-dissonance theory Cannon-Bard theory cognitive appraisal theory James-Lange theory
The experimental findings can be explained by the cognitive appraisal theory of Schachter and Singer. Now, happiness and anger are very different emotions. Yet Schachter and Singer suggest that the bodily differences between these two emotions are slight enough that different views of the situation can lead one person to label arousal as happiness and another person to label it as anger. See 8-6: Emotion
The _________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center. gastrocnemius ventromedial hypothalamus hippocampus lateral hypothalamus
The lateral hypothalamus is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.See "Hunger" from chapter 8 for more information.
The _________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body. corpus callosum central nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous systemis the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.See "Emotion" from chapter 8 for more information.
The _____ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm. resolution phase orgasmic phase plateau phase excitement phase
The plateau phase is the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm
Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he can complete his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) _____. drive need incentive desire
The raise that Jorge is being offered is termed as an incentive. An incentive is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need or as desirable for its own sake. See 8-1: The Psychology of Motivation
Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he can complete his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) _____. drive need incentive desire
The raise that Jorge is being offered is termed as an incentive. An incentive is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need or as desirable for its own sake. See 8-1: The Psychology of Motivation
When watching a horror movie, Mark was frightened by a scene; he reacted by dropping the glass of soda that he was holding. This reaction of fright is linked to the _____. ventral hypothalamus sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system lateral hypothalamus
The reaction of fright is linked to the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves, such as in a fight-or-flight reaction to a predator or when you are anxious about a big test
The _________ isa central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center. ventromedial nucleus foramen magnum hippocampus occipital nucleus
The ventromedial nucleus
Kathren repeatedly watches the recorded episodes of a TV show. She generally doesn't smile or show any expression while watching these. Once, while watching an episode, Kathren was asked to smile by her mom. When she watched the episode smiling throughout, she reported finding the episode more humorous, even though she had seen it several times earlier. This scenario supports the _____. facial-feedback hypothesis Cannon-Bard theory cognitive-dissonance theory drive-reduction hypothesis
This behavior is consistent with the facial-feedback hypothesis. Psychological research has yielded some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Inducing people to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons as more humorous (Soussignan, 2002). See 8-6: Emotion
Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, Richard has started going under depression. He feels helpless and hopeless about his situation and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition? Parasympathetic arousal Sympathetic nervous system activity Hyperphagia Heightened optimism
This depression arouses Richard's parasympathetic nervous system. Depression usually involves cognitions of helplessness and hopelessness, parasympathetic arousal, and tendencies toward inactivity—or sometimes self-destruction. See 8-6: Emotion
Which of the following is a difference between James-Lange's theory and Cannon-Bard's theory? Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions do not involve cognitions. Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that facial expressions do not affect emotional states. Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions accompany bodily responses. Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.
Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.
_________is the swelling of thegenital tissues with blood, causing erectionof the penis and swelling of the areasurrounding the vaginal opening. Vasoconstriction Myalgia Myotonia Vasocongestion
Vasocongestionis the swelling of the genital tissues with blood, causing erection of the penis and swelling of the area surrounding the vaginal opening.See "Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation" from chapter 8 for more information.
_Which of the following is true of satiety? A state of satiety is characterized by hunger pangs. We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract. Chewing and swallowing decrease the feelings of satiety. Satiety occurs when the glucose level of blood drops.
We also get signals of satiety from the digestive tract, although it takes longer for these signals to reach the brain
Which of the following is true of satiety? A state of satiety is characterized by hunger pangs. We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract. Chewing and swallowing decrease the feelings of satiety. Satiety occurs when the glucose level of blood drops.
We also get signals of satiety from the digestive tract, although it takes longer for these signals to reach the brain. See 8-3: Hunger
According to the study by Masters and Johnson, _____. women are less likely to want to combine sex with a romantic relationship people may be more culturally attuned to focus on sex similarities rather than differences women do not produce testosterone men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation
William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1966) found that the biological responses of males and females to sexual stimulation are quite similar. See 8-4: Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation
Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _____. performance goal learning goal incentive goal extrinsic goa
learning goal
_________is the state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something. Orientation Motivation Actualization Stimulation
motivation