Chapter 8 Gene Transfer and Genetic Engineering
bacteria are then grown on agar containing ___ and only those that have taken up the recombinant plasmid will survive because the plasmid contains a ___ __
-antibiotics -resistance gene
smooth colonies contain a ___ and are ___
-capsule -virulent (cause disease)
lateral gene transfer
-form one organism to another in the same generation -prokaryotes use
where are restriction endonuclease enzymes found in nature? what is their purpose?
-in bacteria -used to destroy viral DNA to protect bacteria from phage infections
3 requirement needed to make a recombinant organism
-in vitro manipulation of DNA -recombination of another species DNA in a bacterial phage / plasmid (vector) -cloning, or production of many genetically identical offspring of phage or plasmids
Vertical gene transfer
-parent to offspring -humans use
____ phage go into the lysogenic cycle, hide their DNA in the prophage stage chromosome and can cause ___ transduction
-temperate -specialized
a newer technique of gene editing -where does this naturally occur?
CRISPR-CAS9 -bacteria
A fertility plasmid that has incorporated into the chromosome and then taken a few extra genes with it when it exits the chromosome is called:
F prime plasmid
if a Hfr cell excises its F plasmid from the chromosome and accidentally takes some of the chromosomal genes with it, the F plasmid is now referred to as __
F prime plasmid
Which of the following processes allows the largest amount of DNA to transfer?
Hfr conjugation
Griffith was working on a vaccine for what infection when he discovered transformation?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is a protoplast
a cell with its cell wall removed
What is a resistance plasmid?
a circular piece of DNA that allows bacteria to be able to withstand an antibiotic
What is the function of the enzyme transposase
allows the cell to move DNA within the genome
The first hybridoma allowed the production of a large amount of pure:
antibodies
The "smooth" bacteria that Griffith discovered were more pathogenic because they contained a
capsule
In order to take up DNA by transformation, bacteria must secrete enzymes called
competence factors
What is a transgenic or recombinant cell?
contains DNA from two different species
HGT
donor to recipient cell
Prokaryotic cells transfer DNA from __ to ___
donors recipients
In order for a bacterial cell to be a donor during conjugation, it must have a ___ that gives it the information for how to build a conjugation pilus and initiate gene transfer
f plasmid
2 ways recombinant DNA technology is used in the industry
fermentation of beer and wine, fuel manufacturing
purpose of hybridoma?
fusion of two cell types ... allows the rapid production pf pure antibodies
plasmids or bacteriophage produce rapidly within a bacterial cell -used to mkae enzymes, antibiotics, and amino acids
gene amplification
virulent phage causes what
generalized transduction
a recombinant DNA technique that allows you to squish two genes together, often resulting in them being regulated differently than usual
genetic fusion
The most common form of genetic engineering that you experience in your everyday lives is:
genetically modified food crops
then the recombinant plasmid must be put inside a competent bacterium via transformation. This process is more efficient if helped along by __?
heat-shock or electroporation
bacteria that can integrate their F plasmid into their chromosomes
high frequency recombinants
2 ways recombinant DNA technology is used in agriculture
high yield seeds, nitrogen fixation, insect control from crop destruction
What acts at the boundaries on either end of a transposon
inverted repeats
what special DNA sequences form the boundaries of the transposon
inverted repeats
The enzyme that glues together Okazaki fragments during DNA replication and is also used to construct recombinant plasmids for genetic engineering is called:
ligase
two pieces of DNA must be "glued" together using the enzyme __?
ligase
2 ways recombinant DNA technology is used in medicine
make insulin, blood products, gene therapy
two cells used to make first hybridoma
myeloma cell (bone marrow cancer cell) and B cell
VGT
parent to daughter cell
What allows a bacterium to be able to take up DNA during transformation
presence of a competence factor
an organism with the cell wall removed
protolast
two protolasts can mix their genetic material recombining two strains before the cell wall reforms
protolast fusion
cells resulting from recombination
recombinant
offspring containing the gene from DNA integrating into the sperm or egg cell DNA "transgenic"
recombinant organism
combining of DNA
recombination
in order to make a recombinant organism, first the gene of interest must be cut out of the original chromosome using ___ ____ enzymes
restriction endonuclease
Bacteriophage that cause specialized transduction during the lysogenic cycle are called:
temperate phage
The bacterial cell that lacks a fertility plasmid is called what during conjugation
the recipient
The bacteriophage that cause generalized tranduction are called virulent because
they enter the lytic cycle and kill the bacterial cell quickly
A high frequency recombinant does what?
transfers both its F plasmid and chromosome DNA during conjugation
Griffith discovered ___? in?
transformation "smooth" vs "rough" colonies of S. pneumoniae
what enzyme must be included inside every transposon
transposase
true or false genetic information in prokaryotes can be transferred vertically or horizontally
true
true or false rough colonies do not have a capsule and do not cause disease
true
What is gene therapy?
using viruses to insert a correct copy of a gene into human cells to cure a genetic disorder
We can also call the plasmid used to transfer DNA into a bacterium during genetic engineering a:
vector
restriction endonuclease is then used to cut a plasmid... plasmid is also known as ?
vector
What type of DNA transfer to humans use to pass on genes to our offspring?
vertical gene transfer
___ phage immediately go to into the lytic cycle and kill bacteria
virulent