Chapter 8 Nervous system 2021
The two components of the central nervous system are the
Brain and spinal cord
The cerebellum peduncles connect the cerebellum to the
Brainstem
The most inferior portion of the brain that lies superior to the spinal cord is called the ___
Brainstem
Define Collaterals
Branches of an axon
Structures controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
The 2 major subdivisions of the nervous system are the
Central and peripheral nervous system
___ cells are the type of neuroglial cell responsible for assisting in the movement of cerebral spinal fluid
Ependymal
The region of the diencephalon located superior and posterior to the thalamus is the (Epithalamus, subthalamus, hyperthalamus, hypothalamus)
Epithalamus
Temporal lobe
Evaluation of auditory and olfactory information
Parietal lobe
Evaluation of tactile and taste information
Occipital lobe
Evaluation of visual information
The spinal cord BEGINS at the level of this bony landmark within the occipital bone
Foramen Magnum
The propagation of action potentials from one node to another along a myelinated axon is called
Saltatory Conduction
The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheaths in the PNS are
Schwann cells
In the nervous system, what term refers to signal conduction toward the CNS
Sensory Conducts impulses toward the CNS
An unmyelinated axon will conduct action potential more ___ than a myelinated axon
Slowly
Division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses toward the skeletal muscle is the
Somatic nervous system
The simplest type of reflex is
Stretch reflex
The part of the midbrain with visual reflexes is the
Superior Colliculus
Most sensory information coming into the brain is projected to the ___ first
Thalamus
The largest portion of the diencephalon is the (Thalamus, Epithalamus, hypothalamus)
Thalamus
Which of the following are structural types of neurons?
Unipolar, Multipolar neuron, and Bipolar neuron
The portion of the CNS that are composed primarily of myelinated axon bundles are often referred to as
White Matter
Lines ventricles of the brain
ependymal cells
Neurons are classified based upon the
Arrangement of the processes
Sensation from the left half of the body is directed to which cerebral hemisphere
Right
___ are the type of neuroglia that can decrease or enhance signaling activity and help limit damage to neural tissue
Astrocytes
The cell process that carries information away from the neuron cell body is the
Axon
Select each statement that correctly describes a function of the reticular formation of the midbrain
- Arousal and maintaining consciousness - Regulation of sleep- wake cycles - Regulation of walking and chewing - Regulation of breathing
The somatic nervous system
- Innervated skeletal muscle - released the neurotransmitter ACh - consists of a single motor neuron
The Autosomatic nervous system....
- Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - Has 2 synapses - Consists of a single motor neuron - Has a preganglionic neuron originating in the spinal cord and a postganglionic neuron originating in ganglia within the PNS
Each statement that correctly describes a reflex arc
- Is an involuntary response - Is an unconscious response Doesn't require forethought in order to work properly
Select each statement that correctly describes a function of the mammillary bodies
- Memory - Emotional responses to odors
The ____ is not part of the diencephalon
- Pons (part of the brainstem) Main parts for diencephalon are Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
Functions of nervous system
- Receiving sensory input - integrating information - controlling muscles and glands
Parts of the brainstem
- midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata
Place the events of an electrical synapse in chronological order, starting with the first at the too
1.) An action potential occurs within the membrane of an initial cell 2.) A local current is generated 3.) The local current flows through a gap junction 4.) This stimulates the production of an action potential in an adjacent cell
Place the events of a chemical synapse in the chronological order, starting with the first at top
1.) An action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal 2.) Voltage gated Ca" channels open 3.) Ca" diffuses into the presynaptic terminal 4.) Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft 5.) Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 6.) Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs
When the membrane potential decreases, the inside of the membrane becomes 1.)_____ negative. This is called 2.)____
1.) Less 2.) depolarization
Place the parts of the brainstem from most inferior at the top to most superior at the bottom
1.) Medulla Oblongata 2.) Pons 3.) Midbrain ("1") most inferior ("3) most superior
Components of the reflex arc in order beginning with the structure that detects the stimulus
1.) Sensory receptor 2.) Sensory neuron 3.) Interneuron 4.) Motor Neuron 5.) Effector Organ
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the 1.)____ and is reabsorbed with the 2.)___
1.) Ventricles 2) meninges
Structures associated with the meninges from the most superficial to the deepest
1.) Vertebral canal 2.) Epidural space 3.) Dura Mater 4.) Arachnoid mater 5.) Pía mater
Cells that produce myelin in the PNS are 1.)_____ and cells that produce myelin in the CNS are 2.)___
1.)Schwann cells 2.) Oligodendrocytes
Neuroglial cells that help form the blood brain barrier between the blood and CNS are called
Actrocytes
In a synapse, the axon of one neuron interacts with
Another neuron
Which of the following describes the relationship between the meninges, the ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ventricles and is reabsorbed within the meninges
The ____ accounts for the largest portion of the brain
Cerebrum
Function of brain stem
Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing "It is a critical center for essential survival reflexes, and even small areas of destruction can be fatal"
Neuronal pathway and circuit with appropriate description
Convergent pathway: A pathway in which several neurons synapse with a smaller number of neurons Divergent pathway: A pathway in which a small number of neurons synapse with a larger number of neurons
The gray matter in the brain is composed of neuron cell bodies and makes
Cortex and deep cerebral nuclei
The ___ nerves are designed by Roman numerals and by names that indicate their primary functions and/or the general distribution of their fibers (Cranial, Spinal)
Cranial
Branches cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron that receive input and transmit signals toward the cell body are ____
Dendrite
When the resting membrane potential shifts to a more positive value, this is referred to as
Depolarization
The ___ mater of the meninges is the most superficial
Dura
Identify the 3 layers of meninges Mater ( Arachnoid, Dura, Spinal, Vertebral, Pía )
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pía Mater
A brainwave is a measure of the ___ activity in the cells of the brain
Electrical
Define Cell body
Enlarged portion of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles
Neuroglial cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid are
Ependymal
Collections of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system
Ganglia
Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called
Ganglion
There are several types of nonneuronal, support cells within the nervous system. As a group these support cells are called
Glia
Nerve tissue consisting primarily of cell bodies and their dendrites is often referred to as
Gray Matter
The statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter
Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons cells
The _____ is the structure of the brain that is responsible for controlling food intake, thirst, body temperature, and regulation of the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Frontal lobe
Important in voluntary movement and decision making
The changes in membrane permeability that will promote a depolarization is an
Increase in Na+ permeability
The diencephalon is ___ to the corpus callosum
Inferior
The hypothalamus is the most ___ portion of the diencephalon
Inferior
The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with auditory pathways is the (Inferior/ superior colliculus, tegmentum, cerebral aqueduct)
Inferior Colliculus
Conducts impulses from one neuron to another neuron within the CNS
Interneuron
The ____ fissure or sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum
Lateral
The fifth lobe of the brain, the ínsula, is located deep within the __ fissure
Lateral
Which of the following are basic types of ion channels (Polarized, Electrical, Gated, Leak)
Leak channels & Gated channels
The ________ is the indentation that separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure
Identify the roles of the motor area of the brain and spinal cord
Maintaining posture/ balance, moving trunk/ head/ limbs/tongue/eyes, communicating through facial expression, and speech Roles aren't expression of individual personality traits, recognition of visual images, and perception of pain.
The part of the brainstem that extends from the level of the foramen magnum to the pons is the ___
Medulla Oblongata
Neuroglial cells of the CNS that remove bacteria and cell debris are called
Microglia
What's is the component of the brainstem that helps coordinate eye movemements and regulate general body movement called
Midbrain
In the nervous system, what term refers to signal conduction from the CNS to effectors
Motor Conducts impulses away from the CNS
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the
Motor division
A neuron with 1 axon and multiple dendrites is called a _____ neuron
Multipolar
Most motor neurons and neurons of the CNS
Multipolar neurons
The _____ of the brainstem is a group of nuclei important for regulating motor functions and plays a role in arousal and maintaining consciousness
Reticular formation
Which of the following is not a component of a neuron (Myelin, Dendrite, Cell Body , Axon)
Myelin
What layer insulates axons, both in the CNS and PNS
Myelin sheath
Bundles of axons and their sheaths
Nerve
_____ are structural elements in a neuron cell body that helps organize the cytoplasm into distinct areas
Neurofilaments
A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is an
Neuron
Cell types that are components of the nervous system
Neurons and glial cells
What is the area of the brainstem that forms a prominent bulge on the anterior aspect of the brainstem called
Pons
At a synapse, the neuron that releases a neurotransmitter referred to as
Presynaptic
Define Dendrite
Process of a neuron that receives stimuli and generates local potentials
Define Axon
Process of a neuron that transmits action potentials away from the cell body
Most sensory neurons
Pseudo- uni polar neurons
The prominent enlargements on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata where the primary motor tracts descend from the cerebrum are called
Pyramids
(T or F) A vital function of the pons is the control of breathing
True
(T or F) a brain wave is a recording of electrical changed in the brain
True
The component of the brainstem that contains reflex centers for heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting is the
medulla oblongata
One myelinated axons in the PNS, small gaps exist between adjacent Schwann cells; these gaps are known as
nodes of Ranvier
What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called
ventricles