Chapter 8 Nervous system 2021

The two components of the central nervous system are the

Brain and spinal cord

The cerebellum peduncles connect the cerebellum to the

Brainstem

The most inferior portion of the brain that lies superior to the spinal cord is called the ___

Brainstem

Define Collaterals

Branches of an axon

Structures controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

The 2 major subdivisions of the nervous system are the

Central and peripheral nervous system

___ cells are the type of neuroglial cell responsible for assisting in the movement of cerebral spinal fluid

Ependymal

The region of the diencephalon located superior and posterior to the thalamus is the (Epithalamus, subthalamus, hyperthalamus, hypothalamus)

Epithalamus

Temporal lobe

Evaluation of auditory and olfactory information

Parietal lobe

Evaluation of tactile and taste information

Occipital lobe

Evaluation of visual information

The spinal cord BEGINS at the level of this bony landmark within the occipital bone

Foramen Magnum

The propagation of action potentials from one node to another along a myelinated axon is called

Saltatory Conduction

The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheaths in the PNS are

Schwann cells

In the nervous system, what term refers to signal conduction toward the CNS

Sensory Conducts impulses toward the CNS

An unmyelinated axon will conduct action potential more ___ than a myelinated axon

Slowly

Division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses toward the skeletal muscle is the

Somatic nervous system

The simplest type of reflex is

Stretch reflex

The part of the midbrain with visual reflexes is the

Superior Colliculus

Most sensory information coming into the brain is projected to the ___ first

Thalamus

The largest portion of the diencephalon is the (Thalamus, Epithalamus, hypothalamus)

Thalamus

Which of the following are structural types of neurons?

Unipolar, Multipolar neuron, and Bipolar neuron

The portion of the CNS that are composed primarily of myelinated axon bundles are often referred to as

White Matter

Lines ventricles of the brain

ependymal cells

Neurons are classified based upon the

Arrangement of the processes

Sensation from the left half of the body is directed to which cerebral hemisphere

Right

___ are the type of neuroglia that can decrease or enhance signaling activity and help limit damage to neural tissue

Astrocytes

The cell process that carries information away from the neuron cell body is the

Axon

Select each statement that correctly describes a function of the reticular formation of the midbrain

- Arousal and maintaining consciousness - Regulation of sleep- wake cycles - Regulation of walking and chewing - Regulation of breathing

The somatic nervous system

- Innervated skeletal muscle - released the neurotransmitter ACh - consists of a single motor neuron

The Autosomatic nervous system....

- Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - Has 2 synapses - Consists of a single motor neuron - Has a preganglionic neuron originating in the spinal cord and a postganglionic neuron originating in ganglia within the PNS

Each statement that correctly describes a reflex arc

- Is an involuntary response - Is an unconscious response Doesn't require forethought in order to work properly

Select each statement that correctly describes a function of the mammillary bodies

- Memory - Emotional responses to odors

The ____ is not part of the diencephalon

- Pons (part of the brainstem) Main parts for diencephalon are Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

Functions of nervous system

- Receiving sensory input - integrating information - controlling muscles and glands

Parts of the brainstem

- midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata

Place the events of an electrical synapse in chronological order, starting with the first at the too

1.) An action potential occurs within the membrane of an initial cell 2.) A local current is generated 3.) The local current flows through a gap junction 4.) This stimulates the production of an action potential in an adjacent cell

Place the events of a chemical synapse in the chronological order, starting with the first at top

1.) An action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal 2.) Voltage gated Ca" channels open 3.) Ca" diffuses into the presynaptic terminal 4.) Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft 5.) Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 6.) Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs

When the membrane potential decreases, the inside of the membrane becomes 1.)_____ negative. This is called 2.)____

1.) Less 2.) depolarization

Place the parts of the brainstem from most inferior at the top to most superior at the bottom

1.) Medulla Oblongata 2.) Pons 3.) Midbrain ("1") most inferior ("3) most superior

Components of the reflex arc in order beginning with the structure that detects the stimulus

1.) Sensory receptor 2.) Sensory neuron 3.) Interneuron 4.) Motor Neuron 5.) Effector Organ

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the 1.)____ and is reabsorbed with the 2.)___

1.) Ventricles 2) meninges

Structures associated with the meninges from the most superficial to the deepest

1.) Vertebral canal 2.) Epidural space 3.) Dura Mater 4.) Arachnoid mater 5.) Pía mater

Cells that produce myelin in the PNS are 1.)_____ and cells that produce myelin in the CNS are 2.)___

1.)Schwann cells 2.) Oligodendrocytes

Neuroglial cells that help form the blood brain barrier between the blood and CNS are called

Actrocytes

In a synapse, the axon of one neuron interacts with

Another neuron

Which of the following describes the relationship between the meninges, the ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in and flows through the ventricles and is reabsorbed within the meninges

The ____ accounts for the largest portion of the brain

Cerebrum

Function of brain stem

Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing "It is a critical center for essential survival reflexes, and even small areas of destruction can be fatal"

Neuronal pathway and circuit with appropriate description

Convergent pathway: A pathway in which several neurons synapse with a smaller number of neurons Divergent pathway: A pathway in which a small number of neurons synapse with a larger number of neurons

The gray matter in the brain is composed of neuron cell bodies and makes

Cortex and deep cerebral nuclei

The ___ nerves are designed by Roman numerals and by names that indicate their primary functions and/or the general distribution of their fibers (Cranial, Spinal)

Cranial

Branches cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron that receive input and transmit signals toward the cell body are ____

Dendrite

When the resting membrane potential shifts to a more positive value, this is referred to as

Depolarization

The ___ mater of the meninges is the most superficial

Dura

Identify the 3 layers of meninges Mater ( Arachnoid, Dura, Spinal, Vertebral, Pía )

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pía Mater

A brainwave is a measure of the ___ activity in the cells of the brain

Electrical

Define Cell body

Enlarged portion of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles

Neuroglial cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid are

Ependymal

Collections of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

Ganglia

Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called

Ganglion

There are several types of nonneuronal, support cells within the nervous system. As a group these support cells are called

Glia

Nerve tissue consisting primarily of cell bodies and their dendrites is often referred to as

Gray Matter

The statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter

Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons cells

The _____ is the structure of the brain that is responsible for controlling food intake, thirst, body temperature, and regulation of the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Frontal lobe

Important in voluntary movement and decision making

The changes in membrane permeability that will promote a depolarization is an

Increase in Na+ permeability

The diencephalon is ___ to the corpus callosum

Inferior

The hypothalamus is the most ___ portion of the diencephalon

Inferior

The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with auditory pathways is the (Inferior/ superior colliculus, tegmentum, cerebral aqueduct)

Inferior Colliculus

Conducts impulses from one neuron to another neuron within the CNS

Interneuron

The ____ fissure or sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum

Lateral

The fifth lobe of the brain, the ínsula, is located deep within the __ fissure

Lateral

Which of the following are basic types of ion channels (Polarized, Electrical, Gated, Leak)

Leak channels & Gated channels

The ________ is the indentation that separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

Longitudinal fissure

Identify the roles of the motor area of the brain and spinal cord

Maintaining posture/ balance, moving trunk/ head/ limbs/tongue/eyes, communicating through facial expression, and speech Roles aren't expression of individual personality traits, recognition of visual images, and perception of pain.

The part of the brainstem that extends from the level of the foramen magnum to the pons is the ___

Medulla Oblongata

Neuroglial cells of the CNS that remove bacteria and cell debris are called

Microglia

What's is the component of the brainstem that helps coordinate eye movemements and regulate general body movement called

Midbrain

In the nervous system, what term refers to signal conduction from the CNS to effectors

Motor Conducts impulses away from the CNS

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the

Motor division

A neuron with 1 axon and multiple dendrites is called a _____ neuron

Multipolar

Most motor neurons and neurons of the CNS

Multipolar neurons

The _____ of the brainstem is a group of nuclei important for regulating motor functions and plays a role in arousal and maintaining consciousness

Reticular formation

Which of the following is not a component of a neuron (Myelin, Dendrite, Cell Body , Axon)

Myelin

What layer insulates axons, both in the CNS and PNS

Myelin sheath

Bundles of axons and their sheaths

Nerve

_____ are structural elements in a neuron cell body that helps organize the cytoplasm into distinct areas

Neurofilaments

A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is an

Neuron

Cell types that are components of the nervous system

Neurons and glial cells

What is the area of the brainstem that forms a prominent bulge on the anterior aspect of the brainstem called

Pons

At a synapse, the neuron that releases a neurotransmitter referred to as

Presynaptic

Define Dendrite

Process of a neuron that receives stimuli and generates local potentials

Define Axon

Process of a neuron that transmits action potentials away from the cell body

Most sensory neurons

Pseudo- uni polar neurons

The prominent enlargements on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata where the primary motor tracts descend from the cerebrum are called

Pyramids

(T or F) A vital function of the pons is the control of breathing

True

(T or F) a brain wave is a recording of electrical changed in the brain

True

The component of the brainstem that contains reflex centers for heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting is the

medulla oblongata

One myelinated axons in the PNS, small gaps exist between adjacent Schwann cells; these gaps are known as

nodes of Ranvier

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called

ventricles