Chapter 8 Nutrition

thevitaminD-deficiency disease in children.

. rickets

The rate and extent to which a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body is called: a. vitamin efficiency .b. bioavailability. c. fortification. d. vitamin equivalency. e. enzymatic destruction.

.b. bioavailability.

Vitamin D deficiency is most likely among: a. dark-skinned people who live in the south. b. fair-skinned people who live in the south .c. dark-skinned people with limited exposure to sunlight. d. fair-skinned people with limited exposure to sunlight. e. fair-skinned people who work outside most of the time.

.c. dark-skinned people with limited exposure to sunlight.

Vitamin A deficiency results in rickets disease in children.

False-vitamin D

Beriberi is also called the thiamin-deficiency disease.

True

Bioavailability refers to the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.

True

Which of the following statements is true of niacin? a. It can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. b. It can be used successfully to cure schizophrenia. c. It is water soluble and therefore safe to administer in large doses. d. It is an antioxidant. e. A deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects.

a. It can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan.

What can be concluded from the results of research on vitamin E supplementation? a. There is not enough evidence to recommend taking supplements to prevent heart disease. b. Sufficient evidence exists to recommend that everyone over 40 should take a supplement. c. Large doses are more beneficial than low doses. d. All people who have had a heart attack should take a supplement. e. Vitamin E can be used in place of statins in people with high cholesterol.

a. There is not enough evidence to recommend taking supplements to prevent heart disease.

Which of the following statements about fat-soluble vitamins would you be least likely to tell your client? a. They are readily excreted from the body when consumed in excess. b. They must be bound to proteins to travel in the blood. c. They may be consumed less frequently than the water-soluble vitamins. d. They may accumulate to toxic levels in the body. e. Toxicity is more likely to occur from supplements rather than food.

a. They are readily excreted from the body when consumed in excess.

After 30 minutes of sun exposure, which of the following people would have synthesized more vitamin D? a. a light-skinned person b. a dark-skinned person c. neither, because skin pigmentation is not related to vitamin D synthesis d. they would both synthesize the same amounte. a heavily-wrinkled person

a. a light-skinned person

The first signs of vitamin C deficiency appear in the: a. blood vessels. b. bones. c. hair. d. fingernails. e. digestive system.

a. blood vessels.

An important role of vitamin B12 is to assist folate in: a. cell division. b. conversion of tryptophan to niacin. c. release of energy from food. d. regulation of the body's use of calcium and phosphorus. e. initiating blood clotting.

a. cell division.

Vitamin E deficiencies in human beings are associated with: a. diseases of the pancreas. b. low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. c. use of vitamin K supplements. d. strict vegetarian (vegan) diets. e. high-fat diets.

a. diseases of the pancreas.

The best way to reap the benefits of phytochemicals is by: a. eating a variety of plant foods. b. taking a variety of supplements. c. increasing your consumption of animal foods. d. frequently consuming manufactured functional foods. e. avoiding eggs.

a. eating a variety of plant foods.

Riboflavin is used by the body to: a. facilitate energy metabolism. b. prevent the disease pellagra. c. provide building material for red blood cells. d. maintain epithelial tissue. e. synthesize niacin.

a. facilitate energy metabolism.

Beta-carotene prevents which of the following from damaging cells? a. free radicals b. antioxidants c. blood clots d. vitamin E e. calciferol

a. free radicals

Which of the following may result from taking megadoses of vitamin C? a. iron overload b. scurvy c. gout d. gallstones e. weight gain

a. iron overload

Excessive vitamin A during pregnancy poses a teratogenic risk. This means that: a. it can increase the risk of birth defects. b. it can build up in the blood and cause calcification of soft tissues. c. it can result in a low-birth weight infant. d. it can increase the risk of infectious disease. e. it can result in osteomalacia.

a. it can increase the risk of birth defects.

Which form of vitamin A is involved in gene expression? a. retinoic acid b. retinol c. retinal d. retinol-binding protein e. opsin

a. retinoic acid

Which of the following groups needs an intake of vitamin C in excess of the RDA? a. smokers b. professional athletes c. the elderly d. growing children e. pregnant women

a. smokers

If your eyes have difficulty adjusting to dim light, eating which of the following foods daily might improve your vision? a. steamed carrots b. a peanut butter sandwich c. brewer's yeast d. pork chops e. tofu

a. steamed carrots

The replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells depends most heavily on: a. thiamin. b. riboflavin. c. niacin. d. cobalamin. e. folate.

a. thiamin.

a compound that protects other compounds from oxygen by itself reacting with oxygen.

antioxidant

Abuse of alcohol may lead to a severe form of thiamin deficiency called: a. beriberi. b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. c. pellagra. d. rickets. e. atrophic gastritis.

b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

The major role of vitamin E in the body seems to be to: a. aid in normal blood clotting. b. act as an antioxidant. c. aid in formation of normal epithelial tissue. d. aid in protein metabolism. e. prevent skin cancer.

b. act as an antioxidant.

. Phytochemicals: a. are essential nutrients. b. are bioactive compounds found in foods. c. have no biological activity in the body. d. are nonessential nutrients. e. lose their function when cooked.

b. are bioactive compounds found in foods.

The fat-soluble vitamins: a. are less stable than the water-soluble vitamins. b. are first absorbed into the lymph. c. are usually constituents of coenzymes. d. are not essential. e. are needed in frequent doses.

b. are first absorbed into the lymph.

The main function of vitamin D in bone growth is to: a. synthesize 7-dehydrocholesterol. b. assist in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. c. mobilize calcium from the bone. d. secrete calcitonin. e. regulate the fat cells of adipose tissue.

b. assist in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

Which of the following groups of phytochemicals includes lycopene? a. resveratrols b. carotenoids c. flavonoids d. phytoestrogens e. isothiocyanates

b. carotenoids

Among fruits and vegetables, the best sources of beta-carotene are: a. green or yellow, like lettuce and corn. b. dark green or deep orange, like broccoli and sweet potatoes. c. green, like lettuce, peas, and snap beans. d. brightly colored, like tomatoes and lemons. e. white, like rice and potatoes.

b. dark green or deep orange, like broccoli and sweet potatoes.

From the list below, choose the most reliable food source of vitamin D. a. whole grains b. fortified breakfast cereal c. yogurt d. orange juice e. raw skim milk

b. fortified breakfast cereal

Vitamin B6: a. does not play a role in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. b. helps to regulate blood glucose. c. is absorbed like the fat-soluble vitamins. d. is only found in animal foods. e. plays a major role in the formation of collagen.

b. helps to regulate blood glucose.

Which of the following foods would make the greatest contribution to a person's intake of riboflavin? a. oatmeal b. milk c. oranges d. yellow squash e. apples

b. milk

Excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults may result in: a. greater bone density. b. mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney. c. deformity of the leg bones, ribs, and skull. d. increased bone calcification. e. increased risk of bone fractures.

b. mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney.

A dietary deficiency of vitamin A can produce: a. rickets. b. night blindness. c. a prolonged blood-clotting time. d. sensitivity to light. e. birth defects.

b. night blindness.

Among the following, the best food sources for the water-soluble vitamins are: a. butter and vegetable oils. b. oranges and cereals. c. sugar and cornstarch. d. egg yolks and apples. e. soy and potatoes.

b. oranges and cereals.

How are vitamins similar to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins? a. typical roles in the body b. organic nature c. chemical structure d. amounts required in the diet e. rate of absorption

b. organic nature

Which of these pairs of vitamins is the most widespread among food groups? a. vitamin E and beta-carotene b. pantothenic acid and biotin c. folate and vitamin B12 d. vitamin C and vitamin D e. thiamin and riboflavin

b. pantothenic acid and biotin

Vitamin E: a. functions as an effective anti-sterility agent in human beings. b. protects vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation. c. is needed by human beings as a dietary supplement because of the variety of functions it has in the body. d. slows down the aging process. e. activates blood clotting factors.

b. protects vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.

Which of these meals is lacking in vitamin C? a. hotdog, cabbage, French fries, and milk b. roast beef, cheese sauce, noodles, and tea c. roast beef, broccoli, noodles, and coffee d. spaghetti with tomato sauce, meatballs, garlic bread, and cantaloupe e. pork chop, baked potato with broccoli topping, and diet soda

b. roast beef, cheese sauce, noodles, and tea

Children with measles or measles-related infections may benefit from supplementation with: a. vitamin C. b. vitamin A. c. iron. d. folate. e. vitamin E.

b. vitamin A.

What vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia? a. vitamin B6 b. vitamin B12 c. folate d. thiamin e. riboflavin

b. vitamin B12

Which of the following would not be considered a fat-soluble vitamin? a. vitamin A b. vitamin C c. vitamin D d. vitamin E e. vitamin K

b. vitamin C

Osteomalacia is mainly due to a deficiency of which of the following? a. vitamin A b. vitamin D c. parathyroid hormone d. calcitonin e. Vitamin E

b. vitamin D

Vitamin A plays a role in cell differentiation. What does this mean?a. It helps cells differentiate between the vitamins. b. It allows cells to mature so they can perform their intended functions. c. It promotes the storage of fat-soluble vitamins. d. It aids in differentiating between fat- and water-soluble vitamins .e. It causes abnormal fetal development and birth defects.

c. It promotes the storage of fat-soluble vitamins.

It is not absolutely necessary to consume the fat-soluble vitamins every day because they: a. would just be excreted from the body. b. are only absorbed in limited amounts. c. can be stored in the body for future use. d. would reach toxic amounts in the body. e. cannot be absorbed every day.

c. can be stored in the body for future use.

Vitamin A toxicity is likely to result from: a. consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables. b. overconsumption of whole grains. c. consuming large amounts of fortified foods or vitamin A supplements. d. drinking too much orange juice.

c. consuming large amounts of fortified foods or vitamin A supplements.

Which vitamin is most vulnerable to interactions with alcohol and other drugs? a. vitamin C b. vitamin E c. folate d.biotine. d.cobalamin

c. folate

Studies suggest that a diet rich in carotenoids is associated with a lower risk of: a. diabetes. b. arthritis. c. heart disease. d. osteoporosis. e. hot flashes.

c. heart disease.

Which vitamin can be used as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of high cholesterol? a. thiamin b. vitamin E c. niacin d. vitamin C e. vitamin K

c. niacin

Overconsumption of the water-soluble vitamins will likely result in: a. a reserve supply, which will aid in the prevention of colds and infections. b. no apparent change, because they are stored in the adipose tissues. c. no apparent change, because they are excreted. d. toxic accumulation in the liver. e. a deficiency, because excess vitamins will be excreted.

c. no apparent change, because they are excreted.

The most well-known role of vitamin B6 is in relation to: a. carbohydrate and lactose metabolism. b. fat metabolism. c. protein and amino acid metabolism. d. mineral metabolism. e. cell division.

c. protein and amino acid metabolism.

The active form of vitamin A for vision is: a. opsin. b. retinoic acid. c. retinal. d. rhodopsin. e. retinol-binding protein.

c. retinal.

Identify the food group that is the best source of beta-carotene. a. protein foods group b. milk group c. vegetable group d. grain group e. fats and oils group

c. vegetable group

Absorption of which of the following requires the presence of intrinsic factor? a. vitamin B6 b. vitamin D c. vitamin B12 d. vitamin A e. vitamin K

c. vitamin B12

Ascorbic acid is another name for: a. niacin. b. thiamin. c. vitamin C. d. vitamin B6. e. vitamin E.

c. vitamin C.

The absorption of iron from iron-containing foods can double or triple when eaten at the same meal with foods containing: a. folate. b. protein. c. vitamin C. d. calcium. e. phosphorous.

c. vitamin C.

The formation of collagen requires an adequate intake of: a. vitamin K. b. vitamin E. c. vitamin C. d. folate. e. biotin.

c. vitamin C.

Vitamin K has long been known for: a. its functions in energy metabolism. b. promoting healthy epithelial tissue. c. its role in blood clotting. d. enhancing calcium utilization. e. maintaining the integrity of epithelial tissues.

c.its role in blood clotting.

A deficiency of which of the following vitamins can cause rickets? a. A b. B12 c. C d. D e. E

d. D

In which of the following foods would you find the least amount of Vitamin E? a. margarine b. salad dressing c. wheat germ oil d. butter e. shortening

d. butter

Thiamin is involved in: a. formation of red blood cells. b. blood coagulation. c. collagen formation. d. energy metabolism. e. cell division.

d. energy metabolism.

Which of the following provides resveratrol? a. soy b. carrots c. flaxseed d. red wine e. black-eyed peas

d. red wine

In which of the following is vitamin A least likely to be involved? a. maintaining healthy epithelial tissues. b. maintaining healthy eye tissues. c. fighting infection. d. releasing energy from the energy-yielding nutrients. e. sperm development

d. releasing energy from the energy-yielding nutrients.

The vitamin D-deficiency disease of children is: a. xerophthalmia. b. osteomalacia. c. osteoporosis. d. rickets. e. skin cancer.

d. rickets.

Vitamin D can be made in the body with the help of: a. bacteria. b. tryptophan. c. vitamin A. d. sunlight. e. exercise.

d. sunlight.

Coenzymes are important because: a. they function as antioxidants. b. they facilitate vitamin absorption. c. they function as catalysts. d. they facilitate chemical reactions. e. they increase the body's energy requirement.

d. they facilitate chemical reactions.

The chemical name for vitamin E is: a. beta-carotene. b. cholecalciferol. c. ascorbic acid. d. tocopherol. e. prothrombin.

d. tocopherol.

Which of the following factors is least likely to limit vitamin D synthesis in the body? a. geographic location b. season of the year c. sunscreens d. use of tanning beds e. smog

d. use of tanning beds

Which of the following groups of people is most at risk for a primary deficiency of vitamin B12? a. the elderly b. infants c. athletes d. vegans e. pregnant women

d. vegans

Which of the following is a major cause of childhood blindness worldwide? a. vitamin C deficiency b. riboflavin deficiency c. pantothenic acid deficiency d. vitamin A deficiency e. rickets disease

d. vitamin A deficiency

An excess of which of the following vitamins can cause excess calcium withdrawal from the bones? a. A b. B6 c. B12 d. C e. D

e. D

Many of the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as dry scaly skin and failure of wounds to heal, are related to the role of vitamin C in the synthesis of: a. calcium and iron. b. thyroxin. c. antioxidants. d. adrenal hormones. e. collagen.

e. collagen.

Vitamin E deficiency causes: a. xerophthalmia. b. rickets. c. leukocytosis. d. osteomalacia. e. erythrocyte hemolysis.

e. erythrocyte hemolysis.

Research concerning the safety and effectiveness of manufactured functional foods: a. indicates that they should be avoided. b. shows definite benefits to consuming such foods. c. suggests that they may be substituted for prescription drugs. d. is supported by the FDA. e. is inconclusive at this time.

e. is inconclusive at this time.

Many of the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, such as blindness and an increase in respiratory infections, are related to the role of vitamin A in: a. blood clotting. b. synthesis of visual pigments. c. controlling osteoclast and osteoblast activity. d. synthesis of hormones. e. maintaining the epithelial cells.

e. maintaining the epithelial cells.

The effects of a deficiency of vitamin D are most readily observed in the: a. nervous system. b. cardiovascular system. c. muscular system. d. epithelial tissue. e. skeletal system.

e. skeletal system.

. Which vitamin is synthesized in the intestine by bacteria? a. vitamin A b. vitamin C c. vitamin D d. vitamin E e. vitamin K

e. vitamin K

rupture of the red blood cells,caused by vitamin E deficiency.

erythrocyte hemolysis

highly reactive chemical forms that can cause destructive changes in nearby compounds, sometimes setting up a chain reaction.

free radicals

a metabolic disease in which crystals of uric acid precipitate in the joints.

gout

the vitamin K-deficiency disease in which blood fails to clot.

hemorrhagic disease

malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development.

neural tube defects

the amount of niacin present in food, including the niacin that can theoretically be made from tryptophan, its precursor, present in the food.

niacin equivalents

a bone disease characterized by softening of the bones.

osteomalacia

literally, porous bones;reduced density of the bones.

osteoporosis

the niacin-deficiency disease.

pellagra

Overconsumption of the fat-soluble vitamins results in: a. accumulation, which aids in the prevention of colds and infections. b. no ill effects because they are excreted. c. possible toxicity, due to an accumulation in the body. d. weight gain due to increased fat intake. e. deficiency of water-soluble vitamins.

possible toxicity, due to an accumulation in the body.

the vitamin C-deficiency disease.

scurvy