Chapter 8

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Heterotroph

Must consume food to obtain organic molecules.

How is NADPH formed in PSI?

NADP+ reductase adds two electrons and a H+ to NADP+

What is the source of electrons used to reduce the C-O bond of 3-phosphoglycerate during the Calvin cycle?

NADPH

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are used as reactants in the Calvin cycle?

NADPH ATP

The steps of the light reactions of photosynthesis yield three major products:

NADPH ATP Oxygen

The products of the light reactions that are used by the Calvin cycle to make carbohydrates are ______________

NADPH and ATP

During the Calvin cycle, high-energy electrons are provided by ______, and the source of energy for the reactions is ______.

NADPH; ATP

What plant organelle is pictured here?

A chloroplast

The Calvin cycle uses energy from_________________ , and high-energy __________________ supplied by NADPH.

ATP electrons

True or false: Glucose is the primary output of the Calvin cycle.

False

True or false: In the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle, ATP is the source of electrons used to reduce a C-O bond to a C-H bond.

False

In the first phase of the ________, atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed into a five carbon sugar.

Calvin cycle

What happens during photosynthesis?

Plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules.

What is carbon fixation?

The incorporation of carbon into an organic molecule that is not a gas

Which of the following statements are true of carotenoids?

They may appear yellow, orange, or red. They are abundant in flowers and fruits. They are found in chloroplasts.

Photoautotrophs

Uses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

A pigment is a molecule that can ______________

absorb light

A diagram that depicts the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are absorbed by a pigment is termed a(n)

absorption spectrum

A graph that represents the wavelengths of light absorbed by a given pigment is called a(n)

absorption spectrum

A graph that shows the rate of photosynthesis plotted as a function of light wavelength is called a(n) _____________ spectrum for photosynthesis.

action

Organisms that can synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules are called _____________ , while those that must consume food to obtain organic molecules are termed _______________.

autotrophs heterotrophs

The end product of phase 2 of the Calvin cycle is G3P. This molecule is used to synthesize__________________ and to regenerate the starting material_________________ bisphosphate.

carbohydrates ribulose

In the light reactions, ATP is generated via ____________

chemiosmosis

The incorporation of carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere into an organic molecule is called carbon

fixation

The electrochemical gradient generated in the light reactions of photosynthesis is used primarily to __________________

generate ATP via ATP synthase

A product of the Calvin cycle is used to produce ________________ molecules that may be linked together to form a polysaccharide called starch.

glucose

O2 is produced in the thylakoid lumen via the ___________________

oxidation of water in photosystem II

The process by which plants capture light energy and use it to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules is called

photosynthesis

During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced by the

removal of electrons from water in PSII

The reactions of the Calvin cycle occur in the

stroma

The energy required for the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide ultimately comes from

sunlight

Where do light reactions occur?

thylakoid membrane

Which of the following are major chemical products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Oxygen ATP NADPH

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate Reduction and carbohydrate production Carbon fixation

In the last phase of the Calvin cycle, what molecule is regenerated so that the next cycle can occur?

Ribulose bisphosphate

What enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation?

Rubisco

The oxidization of water by photosystem II causes the pH of the thylakoid lumen to ____________

decrease

As water is oxidized during photosynthesis, the pH of the thylakoid lumen __________________

decreases

Homologous genes have similarity to one another because they are ______________

derived from the same ancestral gene

In photosynthesis, light energy is converted to ___________ energy, which in turn is converted to _______________ energy in a sugar molecule.

electrochemical chemical

Light is a type of _______________ radiation because it consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.

electromagnetic

After a pair of _______________ reaches QB, each enters a transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.

electrons

NADP+ reductase generates NADPH by transferring two____________ and one _______________ ion to NADP+.

electrons hydrogen

Sunlight enables the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide by providing the ______________ that is necessary for the process.

energy

Genes that are derived from the same ancestral gene, and thus are similar to each other, are termed ____________ genes

homologous

Along their journey from PSII to PSI, electrons release energy as they pass from one electron carrier to the next. This energy is used to pump _____________ ions into the thylakoid lumen.

hydrogen

Electrons in the pigment molecules of photosystems I and II are excited by

light

The flow of electrons from PSII to PSI involves a direct movement, thus electrons end up at a different destination from where they started. This is called ______________ electron flow.

noncyclic

During photosynthesis, NADPH is synthesized by ________________

photosystem I

During noncyclic electron flow, electrons flow from water to __________

photosystem II, then to photosystem I, and ultimately are transferred to NADP+

The energy released as electrons pass from an electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I is used to _____________

pump H+ establish an electrochemical gradient

In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is

reduced

In the Fall, aspen leaves change from a green color to a lovely yellow color. Seasonal color changes in a leaf happen because ______________

the quantity of chlorophyll in a leaf declines, unmasking the carotenoids

Chlorophylls a and b are found bound to integral membrane proteins in the ______________ membrane of the chloroplast.

thylakoid

The two independent, light capturing complexes of proteins and pigments called photosystems I and II, are located in the _____________ membrane of the chloroplast.

thylakoid

The electrons that exit PSII are replenished by electrons from oxidized ___________________ , which yields oxygen gas that can be used by plant cells or released to the environment.

water

What is the flow of electrons from PSII to PSI called?

Linear electron flow

A major purpose of the electrochemical gradient generated in the light reactions of photosynthesis is to synthesize ___________________

ATP

Where are photosystems I and II located?

In the thylakoid membrane

What molecule is produced by photosystem II?

Oxygen

A key role of PSI is to produce high-energy electrons that are used to make ____________ .

NADPH

Why is light considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?

Because it consists of both electric and magnetic energy.

What molecule is reduced in the Calvin cycle?

CO2

This figure depicts a cellular organelle called a(n)

chloroplast

What is the product of the carbon fixation reaction catalyzed by rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

3-phosphoglycerate

Sequence the phases of the Calvin cycle from first (on top) to last.

1. Carbon Fixation 2. Reduction and Carbohydrate production 3. Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate

Arrange the following molecules according to the order of electron flow during photosynthesis. Begin at the top with the location where electrons are first excited in noncyclic electron flow.

1.P680 2.Cytochrome Complex 3.Plastocyanin 4.P700 5.NADP+

What is the function of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?

It absorbs light energy.

What happens to a pair of electrons after it reaches QB?

It enters an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.

Which of the following happens to the molecule formed by the addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate?

It is immediately split into two more stable three-carbon molecules.

What energy conversion occurs during photosynthesis?

Light energy is converted to electrochemical energy, which is converted to chemical energy.

What is a visualization of the rate of photosynthesis plotted as a function of light wavelength?

An action spectrum

Which of the following summarizes the events of the first phase of the Calvin cycle?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed into a five carbon sugar.

In plants, which of the following is polymerized to form starch?

Glucose

What is produced at the end of the second phase of the Calvin cycle?

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Which of the following is the primary output of the Calvin cycle?

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

How does an electron located in the pigment of the light-harvesting complexes become excited?

Light excites an electron in a pigment found in the light-harvesting complexes of the photosystems.

Autotroph

Produces organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

Which phase of the Calvin cycle will require both ATP and NADPH?

Reduction and carbohydrate production

Which of following best describes the location of chlorophyll a and b within the chloroplasts of green plants?

Thylakoid membrane

Which of the following is the purpose of phase 3 of the Calvin cycle?

To create a new 5-carbon sugar for the "next" Calvin cycle

The G3P produced at the end of the second phase of the Calvin cycle is directly used for which of the following?

To make glucose or other carbohydrates To regenerate ribulose bisphosphate

Carbon dioxide is incorporated into a molecule of ribulose biphosphate to form an unstable 6-carbon intermediate that immediately splits into two 3-carbon molecules. This process is called

carbon fixation

The pigment molecules that cause autumn leaves to appear yellow and orange are called

carotenoids

Similar to ATP synthesis in mitochondria, ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is achieved by a(n)__________________ mechanism called photophosphorylation.

chemiosmotic

Green plants absorb light energy in photosynthesis using ____________ a and b.

chlorophyll

Plants appear green because they contain

chlorophyll

The green color of plants is due primarily to the absorptive properties of the pigment ____________ found in the chloroplasts.

chlorophyll

In comparison to a leaf that appears yellow, a leaf that appears green has more of the pigment _______________ . A leaf may appear more yellow due to the presence of pigments called ________________ .

chlorophyll carotenoid


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