chapter 8 smart book
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, where are the basic needs found?
At the bottom
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, where are the higher-order needs found?
At the top
Which of the following explains the difference between secondary drives and primary drives?
Behavior stemming from primary drives, but NOT secondary drives, fulfills a biological need.
The theory that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced at the same time by the same nerve stimulus is the _________ __________ theory of emotion.
Cannon-Bard
Which of the following is a problem for the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Different emotions are associated with very similar physiological states.
_________ is the motivational tension, or arousal, which triggers behaviors to fulfill a need.
Drive
Which theory of motivation states that when some basic biological requirement is lacking, a drive is produced?
Drive reduction
True or false: Technology has improved so much so that we are now able to explain emotional experience fully with one unifying theory.
False
Which of the following are function(s) that emotions play in our daily lives?
Helping us to interact more effectively with others Shaping our future behavior Preparing us for action
Which theory of motivation states that before higher needs can be met, lower ones must be fulfilled?
Hierarchy of needs
_________ is the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
Homeostasis
When grades, money, and sex are anticipated as rewards for certain behavior, they are examples of what?
Incentives
What are inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned called?
Instincts
___________ explain the inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined and not learned
Instincts
Which of the following summarize the drawbacks of the James-Lange theory?
Internal organs produce a relatively limited range of sensations. Physiological arousal does not invariably result in emotional experience. Emotional experiences occur before there is time for physiological change to occur.
Which of the following summarize the drawbacks of the James-Lange theory?
Internal organs produce a relatively limited range of sensations. Physiological arousal does not invariably result in emotional experience. Emotional experiences occur before there is time for physiological change to occur.
When you are on a first date, your hands begin to sweat, therefore you begin to feel nervous. What theory of emotion does this statement support?
James-Lange
______________ includes all the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
Motivation
Which of the following are components of self-determination theory?
Relatedness Competence Autonomy
While hiking with friends, you notice the trail is coming close to a cliff. You're not sure if you should feel nervous so you look at your friends' faces. They look scared, so you begin to feel scared. What theory of emotion does this support?
Schachter-Singer
The finding that people turn to the environment and the behavior of others for an explanation of the physiological arousal they are experiencing is central to which theory of emotion?
Schachter-Singer theory
What is one difficulty in defining a basic set of emotions?
Substantial differences exist in descriptions of emotions among various cultures.
Cannon and Bard suggested that both physiological arousal and emotional experience emanate from this brain structure.
Thalamus
Which of the following best describe drive reduction theory?
This theory suggests that a lack of water produces motivation to obtain it. This theory suggests that a lack of a biological need energizes behavior to fulfill the need.
True or false: By applying multiple approaches to motivation in a given situation we can gain a broader understanding than we could with just a single approach.
True
True or false: One drawback of the James-Lange theory of emotions is that many emotions are associated with relatively similar sorts of changes.
True
True or false: There are cultural differences in the descriptions of emotions.
True
The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are _____.
a reaction to changing physiological states
The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are:
a reaction to changing physiological states
According to the James-Lange theory, emotion occurs __________ physiological arousal.
after
Individual emotions are associated with patterns of biological
arousal
The _________ approach to motivation contends that we have a desired level of stimulation and will increase or decrease excitement as necessary to maintain that level.
arousal
According to drive reduction approaches, we do things to reduce
arousal.
Schacter-Singer theory of emotion explains that environment and the __________ of others explain the physiological arousal individuals experience in certain situations.
behaviors
Behavior stemming from a primary drive fulfills a ______ need. Behavior stemming from a secondary drive does not.
biological
Contemporary research on emotion states that specific patterns of __________ arousal are associated with individual emotions.
biological
Unlike secondary drives, primary drives are
biological
Emotions have
both physiological and cognitive elements.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the more basic needs are at _________ the of the hierarchy, while the higher-order needs are at the ________ of the hierarchy.
bottom, top
Applying multiple approaches to motivation in a given situation typically
broadens our understanding of the situation.
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion explains that the same physical state of arousal will be interpreted ____ depending upon the situation.
differently
Among psychologists, there is not one __________ that is considered the most important or fundamental.
emotion
Cannon and Bard suggested that both physiological arousal and ______ emanate from the thalamus.
emotional experience
James-Lange theory of ___________ attempts to explain that we experience such outcomes as a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations
emotions
Motivation serves to _____ behavior.
energize and direct
The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of non-specific arousal based on
environmental cues.
Cognitive approaches to motivation suggest that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and
goals
The _________ of needs model stresses the idea that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can be met.
heirarchy
The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state that underlies primary drives is called
homeostasis.
A(n) _______ is an anticipated reward.
incentive
If you anticipate that you will be getting a good grade, you are expecting a(n) _____.
incentive
Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that individuals will attempt to:
increase or reduce their level of arousal, depending on their internal state
Emotions
influence behavior.
Behavior stemming from secondary drives fulfills _____ needs. In contrast, behavior stemming from a primary need does not.
learned
Secondary drives are
learned through experience.
Unlike primary drives, secondary drives are
learned.
Unlike other theories of emotion, the Cannon-Bard theory suggests that
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
Biological needs of the body or species as a whole are called
primary drives
One drawback to the James-Lange theory of emotion is that our internal organs produce a(n) ______ of sensations.
relatively limited range
According to drive-reduction approaches, we do things in order to _____.
satisfy a biological need
The German word that expresses a feeling of pleasure over another person's difficulties is
schadenfreude
Competence, autonomy, and relatedness are the three basic human needs identified with __________________-___________ theory.
self determination
Emotions may serve to
shape our future behavior.
Inconsistent with other theories, Schachter and Singer found that the emotions people experience are influenced by
the behavior of others.
One challenge for psychologists has been identifying
the most important, fundamental emotions.
No single __________ of emotion has been able to explain fully all the facets of emotional experience.
theory
Cognitive approaches to motivation emphasize the importance of
thoughts and beliefs.
It has been suggested that for every major emotion, there is an accompanying physiological or "gut" reaction of internal organs called the __________ experience.
visceral
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, each emotion has a different
visceral experience