chapter 8 smart book

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, where are the basic needs found?

At the bottom

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, where are the higher-order needs found?

At the top

Which of the following explains the difference between secondary drives and primary drives?

Behavior stemming from primary drives, but NOT secondary drives, fulfills a biological need.

The theory that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced at the same time by the same nerve stimulus is the _________ __________ theory of emotion.

Cannon-Bard

Which of the following is a problem for the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Different emotions are associated with very similar physiological states.

_________ is the motivational tension, or arousal, which triggers behaviors to fulfill a need.

Drive

Which theory of motivation states that when some basic biological requirement is lacking, a drive is produced?

Drive reduction

True or false: Technology has improved so much so that we are now able to explain emotional experience fully with one unifying theory.

False

Which of the following are function(s) that emotions play in our daily lives?

Helping us to interact more effectively with others Shaping our future behavior Preparing us for action

Which theory of motivation states that before higher needs can be met, lower ones must be fulfilled?

Hierarchy of needs

_________ is the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.

Homeostasis

When grades, money, and sex are anticipated as rewards for certain behavior, they are examples of what?

Incentives

What are inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned called?

Instincts

___________ explain the inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined and not learned

Instincts

Which of the following summarize the drawbacks of the James-Lange theory?

Internal organs produce a relatively limited range of sensations. Physiological arousal does not invariably result in emotional experience. Emotional experiences occur before there is time for physiological change to occur.

Which of the following summarize the drawbacks of the James-Lange theory?

Internal organs produce a relatively limited range of sensations. Physiological arousal does not invariably result in emotional experience. Emotional experiences occur before there is time for physiological change to occur.

When you are on a first date, your hands begin to sweat, therefore you begin to feel nervous. What theory of emotion does this statement support?

James-Lange

______________ includes all the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

Motivation

Which of the following are components of self-determination theory?

Relatedness Competence Autonomy

While hiking with friends, you notice the trail is coming close to a cliff. You're not sure if you should feel nervous so you look at your friends' faces. They look scared, so you begin to feel scared. What theory of emotion does this support?

Schachter-Singer

The finding that people turn to the environment and the behavior of others for an explanation of the physiological arousal they are experiencing is central to which theory of emotion?

Schachter-Singer theory

What is one difficulty in defining a basic set of emotions?

Substantial differences exist in descriptions of emotions among various cultures.

Cannon and Bard suggested that both physiological arousal and emotional experience emanate from this brain structure.

Thalamus

Which of the following best describe drive reduction theory?

This theory suggests that a lack of water produces motivation to obtain it. This theory suggests that a lack of a biological need energizes behavior to fulfill the need.

True or false: By applying multiple approaches to motivation in a given situation we can gain a broader understanding than we could with just a single approach.

True

True or false: One drawback of the James-Lange theory of emotions is that many emotions are associated with relatively similar sorts of changes.

True

True or false: There are cultural differences in the descriptions of emotions.

True

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are _____.

a reaction to changing physiological states

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are:

a reaction to changing physiological states

According to the James-Lange theory, emotion occurs __________ physiological arousal.

after

Individual emotions are associated with patterns of biological

arousal

The _________ approach to motivation contends that we have a desired level of stimulation and will increase or decrease excitement as necessary to maintain that level.

arousal

According to drive reduction approaches, we do things to reduce

arousal.

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion explains that environment and the __________ of others explain the physiological arousal individuals experience in certain situations.

behaviors

Behavior stemming from a primary drive fulfills a ______ need. Behavior stemming from a secondary drive does not.

biological

Contemporary research on emotion states that specific patterns of __________ arousal are associated with individual emotions.

biological

Unlike secondary drives, primary drives are

biological

Emotions have

both physiological and cognitive elements.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the more basic needs are at _________ the of the hierarchy, while the higher-order needs are at the ________ of the hierarchy.

bottom, top

Applying multiple approaches to motivation in a given situation typically

broadens our understanding of the situation.

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion explains that the same physical state of arousal will be interpreted ____ depending upon the situation.

differently

Among psychologists, there is not one __________ that is considered the most important or fundamental.

emotion

Cannon and Bard suggested that both physiological arousal and ______ emanate from the thalamus.

emotional experience

James-Lange theory of ___________ attempts to explain that we experience such outcomes as a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations

emotions

Motivation serves to _____ behavior.

energize and direct

The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of non-specific arousal based on

environmental cues.

Cognitive approaches to motivation suggest that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and

goals

The _________ of needs model stresses the idea that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can be met.

heirarchy

The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state that underlies primary drives is called

homeostasis.

A(n) _______ is an anticipated reward.

incentive

If you anticipate that you will be getting a good grade, you are expecting a(n) _____.

incentive

Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that individuals will attempt to:

increase or reduce their level of arousal, depending on their internal state

Emotions

influence behavior.

Behavior stemming from secondary drives fulfills _____ needs. In contrast, behavior stemming from a primary need does not.

learned

Secondary drives are

learned through experience.

Unlike primary drives, secondary drives are

learned.

Unlike other theories of emotion, the Cannon-Bard theory suggests that

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

Biological needs of the body or species as a whole are called

primary drives

One drawback to the James-Lange theory of emotion is that our internal organs produce a(n) ______ of sensations.

relatively limited range

According to drive-reduction approaches, we do things in order to _____.

satisfy a biological need

The German word that expresses a feeling of pleasure over another person's difficulties is

schadenfreude

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness are the three basic human needs identified with __________________-___________ theory.

self determination

Emotions may serve to

shape our future behavior.

Inconsistent with other theories, Schachter and Singer found that the emotions people experience are influenced by

the behavior of others.

One challenge for psychologists has been identifying

the most important, fundamental emotions.

No single __________ of emotion has been able to explain fully all the facets of emotional experience.

theory

Cognitive approaches to motivation emphasize the importance of

thoughts and beliefs.

It has been suggested that for every major emotion, there is an accompanying physiological or "gut" reaction of internal organs called the __________ experience.

visceral

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, each emotion has a different

visceral experience