Chapter 8 Smartbook
Place the four stages of the thylakoid reactions in the correct order starting with the first stage at the top. Instructions
- primary photoevent - charge seperation - electron transport - chemiosmosis
Which of the following are chloroplast membranes?
-An inner membrane -The thylakoid membrane -An outer membrane
Which of the following are the three stages of photosynthesis in plants?
-Making ATP and NADPH -Capturing energy from the sunlight -Using ATP and NADPH to produce organic compounds from CO2
Which of these statements are true about the relationship between photosynthesis and cell respiration?
-The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cell respiration. -The products of cell respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis.
The following diagram shows the change in the rate of photosynthesis as a function of the intensity of light under varying conditions. Which of the following statements (choose all that apply) can be concluded based on the following graph?
-The rate of photosynthesis is limited by the concentration of CO2 at high light intensities. -The rate of photosynthesis is limited by light at low light intensities. -The rate of photosynthesis is limited by temperature at high light intensities.
In plants, each photosystem is a network of chlorophyll________ molecules, accessory____________
-a -pigments, carotenoids, or chlorophyll
Evidence suggests that the proteins in the green sulfur bacterial photosystem are homologous to the proteins in plant photosystem_______________
1
The reaction center of photosystem __________consists of a core transmembrane complex made of 12-14 protein subunits and two bound P700 chlorophyll molecules.
1
Which of the following represent the phases of the Calvin cycle?
1) carbon fixation; (2) reduction and carbohydrate production; (3) regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate
Order the steps in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the reaction center (RC) as they occur. Start at the top.
1. a chlorophyll molecule in the RC absorbs a photon of light 2. an electron in the chlorophyll molecule is excited to a higher energy level 3. a high energy electron is transferred to a primary acceptor 4. the oxidized chlorophyll molecule restores its electron by oxidizing a donor molecule.
Order the steps in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the reaction center (RC) as they occur. Start at the top. Instructions
1. a chlorophyll molecule in the RC absorbs a photon of light 2. an electron in the chlorophyll molecule is excited to a higher energy level 3. a high energy electron is transferred to a primary acceptor 4. the oxidized chlorophyll molecule restores its electron by oxidizing a donor molecule.
Sequence the phases of the Calvin cycle from first (on top) to last.
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction and carbohydrate production 3. regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate
The reaction center of photosystem II consists of a core of __ transmembrane protein subunits and __ P680 chlorophyll molecules.
10; 2
Consider the net equation that describes the Calvin cycle. How many NADPH are needed to synthesize the two net G3P molecules that can be used to make a glucose molecule?
12
The reaction center of photosystem I consists of a core transmembrane complex made of
12-14 protein subunits and 2 bound P700 chlorophyll molecules
When you take into account the net equation of the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are needed to synthesize two G3P molecules?
18
How many molecules of G3P are needed to make one molecule of glucose?
2
How many types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts?
2
Typically, it is considered that the net gain of the Calvin cycle is(are)________ molecules of G3P.
2
the human eye can detect light wavelengths between ___ and ___nm which represent the range of the visible spectrum
400,740
The following diagram represents light absorption as a function of wavelength of various pigments. The pigment represented by the dotted line will absorb most strongly light with which of the following wavelengths?
470 nm
How many molecules of CO2 need to be bound to molecules of RuBP to produce 12 molecules of PGA in the Calvin cycle?
6
in the Calvin cycle, ___ molecules of CO2 are bound to the same number of RuBP molecules to produce 12 molecules of PGA
6
The enhancement effect states that the rate of photosynthesis is fastest when both photosystems are activated. Which wavelength(s) of light would be most appropriate to demonstrate the enhancement effect?
680 nm (red) 700 nm (far red)
Photorespiration is considered "wasteful" because
=reduces the ability of a plant to make carbohydrates. -it reduces the yield of photosynthesis.
Which of the following are parts of a chlorophyll molecule?
A hydrocarbon tail A porphyrin ring
What occurs during the primary photoevent?
A photon is captured by a pigment in the photosystem.
Which of the following are the two components of a photosystem?
A reaction center. An antenna complex.
Plant cells can produce additional amounts of______________ to fuel the Calvin cycle in a process known as cyclic photophosphorylation.
ATP
Photophosphorylation produces _________, which stores chemical energy that can be used for the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation also requires reducing power, which is provided by _____________ produced by photosystem I.
ATP NADP
Compared to the C3 pathway, the C4 pathway has an additional cost to a plant, because
ATP is required to convert pyruvate to PEP
What happens during the chemiosmosis stage of the thylakoid reactions?
ATP is synthesized.
The electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem II is used to generate __, while the electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem I is used to generate __.
ATP; NADPH
Photosystems were discovered in Chlorella, which is what type of organism?
Alga
How does the structure of chlorophyll enable its photosynthetic function?
An electron can be delocalized across the porphyrin ring, allowing it to absorb energy.
What occurs during the charge separation stage of the thylakoid reactions?
An excited electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule.
Which of the following organisms have only one photosystem?
Anoxygenic bacteria
If the light reactions produce roughly equal amounts of ATP and NADPH, how can plant cells ensure that there is enough ATP for the Calvin cycle?
Because of cyclic photophosphorylation
Why do hot and dry conditions favor photorespiration?
Because plants close their stomata, inhibiting CO2 uptake and increasing O2
Why is the Calvin cycle also known as C3 photosynthesis?
Because the first molecule in the cycle has 3 carbon atoms.
Why does CO2 enter CAM plants at nighttime?
Because the stomata of CAM plants are only open at night
Why are the cyclic reactions in carbon fixation also referred to as light-independent reactions?
Because they can occur whether or not light is present.
________ molecules of G3P made during the Calvin cycle can be used to make one molecule of_________
Blank 1: Two or 2 Blank 2: glucose
Chlorophyll _______ is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants as it converts light energy into chemical energy; chlorophyll __________acts as an accessory pigment.
Blank 1: a Blank 2: b
In a photosystem, the __________complex captures light energy and passes it to the _________center where electrons are transferred out of the photosystem.
Blank 1: antenna or light-harvesting Blank 2: reaction
a photosystem consists of two components, a(n) ____ complex and a(n) ____ center.
Blank 1: antenna or light-harvesting Blank 2: reaction
A leaf that appears green has more ____ than a leaf that appears yellow. A leaf may appear yellow due to _____ pigments.
Blank 1: chlorophyll Blank 2: carotenoid or accessory
In ______ photophosphorylation, electrons from PSI are transferred back to the b6-f complex, which pumps protons into the thylakoid space, adding to the gradient that drives the chemiosmotic synthesis of _____________
Blank 1: cyclic Blank 2: ATP
Protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the___________ ___________
Blank 1: electron Blank 2: transport
Similar to other pigments, carotenoids assist photosynthesis by capturing energy from ______, however, they absorb wavelengths that are not efficiently absorbed by ________. In addition, they scavenge _____ _______.
Blank 1: light, photons, or sunlight Blank 2: chlorophylls or chlorophyll Blank 3: free
A chlorophyll molecule is made of a ______ ring and a _____ tail.
Blank 1: porphyrin Blank 2: phytol, hydrocarbon, or hydrophobic
The first stage of the thylakoid (or light-dependent) reactions is the________ _________
Blank 1: primary Blank 2: photoevent
As protons pass through the ATP ____________channels, ADP is phosphorylated to ATP and released into the _____________of the chloroplast.
Blank 1: synthase Blank 2: stroma
How are photosystem II and photosystem I in the chloroplast connected?
By a cytochrome/b6-f complex.
How do carotenoids assist in the photosynthetic process?
By capturing light wavelengths that are not efficiently absorbed by chlorophylls.
Plants that only fix carbon using the Calvin cycle are also known as ______ plants
C3
The Calvin cycle is also known as _____________photosynthesis because the first intermediate of the cycle contains three carbon atoms.
C3
In which type of plant does carbon dioxide capture occur in one cell, and decarboxylation occur in an adjacent cell?
C4 plants
Which of the following is a difference between C4 and CAM plants?
C4 plants use C3 photosynthesis in different cells, while CAM plants use C3 photosynthesis at certain times.
_____ plants avoid water loss by closing their stomata during the day and opening them at night.
CAM
In which type of plant does carbon dioxide capture occur at night, and decarboxylation occur during the day?
CAM plants
How do CAM plants avoid water loss?
CAM plants close their stomata during the day and open them at night.
According to the generalized equation for photosynthesis proposed by van Niel, CO2 + 2H2A + light energy yields which of the following?
CH2O + H2O + 2A
In photosynthesis, glucose is produced via the reduction of which of the following?
Carbon dioxide
What molecule is released during photorespiration?
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following are phases of the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation Reduction and carbohydrate production Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate
__________________ are accessory photosynthetic pigments that consist of carbon rings linked to chains with alternating single and double bonds.
Carotenoids
Which of the following are used by green plants to absorb light energy?
Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a
Which of the following pairs is matched incorrectly?
Chlorophyll b:main photosynthetic pigment in plants.
Which are the two most important kinds of pigments in chloroplasts?
Chlorophylls and carotenoids
Which of the following plants are C4 plants?
Corn Sorghum Sugarcane
Which of the following is not part of chloroplasts?
Cristae
Oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following organisms?
Cyanobacteria
In the reaction center which of the following excited subatomic particles are transferred to an acceptor?
Electrons
What is transferred out of the reaction center?
Excited electrons.
True or false: Glucose is the primary output of the Calvin cycle.
False
True or false: Photorespiration can completely negate the efficiency of photosynthesis.
False
True or false: The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesizing bacteria take place in the chloroplasts.
False
True or false: The mechanism of ATP synthesis in the ATP synthase of chloroplasts is fundamentally different from the one used in the ATP synthase of mitochondria.
False
On the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane, two molecules of reduced____________ donate two electrons for the synthesis of one molecule of NADPH.
Ferredoxin
The iron-sulfur protein ______________ accepts electrons from photosystem I.
Ferredoxin
During photosynthesis, a chlorophyll in the reaction center loses its excited electron. How is that electron restored?
From a nearby weak electron donor.
Which of the following is the primary output of the Calvin cycle?
G3P
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate formed during the Calvin cycle is an important compound in which of the following stages of cell respiration?
Glycolysis
The thick arrow points to which part of the chloroplast?
Grana
In van Niel's generalized equation of photosynthesis, which of the following is the donor of electrons?
H2A
Carbon fixation involves using the protons and electrons generated by the splitting of what molecule to convert CO2 into organic matter?
H2O
In green sulfur bacteria, electrons that leave the P840 and are used to reduce NADP+ are replaced in the reaction center by electrons extracted from
H2S
In green sulfur bacteria, electrons that leave the P840 and are used to reduce NADP+ are replaced in the reaction center by electrons extracted from___________
H2S
Which of the following describes van Helmont's experiment?
He grew a willow in a pot keeping an exact record of the weight of the soil and the tree over several years.
The reaction center of photosystem ___________consists of a core transmembrane complex made of 12-14 protein subunits and two bound P700 chlorophyll molecules.
I
Where does the Calvin cycle occur in a C4 plant?
In the bundle-sheath cells
Where is rubisco located?
In the chloroplast stroma
According to recent studies, where are PSII and the b6-f complexes located?
In the grana and in borders between the grana and the stroma lamellae
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?
In the thylakoid membrane.
According to the diagram, which of the following accelerate photosynthesis when light intensity is high?
Increase in temperature Increase in CO2
The red arrow points to which part of the chloroplast?
Inner membrane
How do plants benefit from having two linked photosystems?
It allows them to use electrons from water to reduce NADP+.
What is the role of plastocyanin in photosynthesis (in plants)?
It carries electrons from the b6-f complex to photosystem I.
Chlorophyll b has which of the following effects on photosynthesis?
It greatly increases the proportion of the photons in sunlight that plants can harvest.
How is the reaction center positioned in the membrane?
It is a transmembrane complex.
Which describes chlorophyll b?
It is an accessory pigment.
Which of the following happens to the molecule formed by the addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate?
It is immediately split into two more stable three carbon molecules.
Photorespiration has which of the following effects on photosynthesis?
It reduces the yield of photosynthesis.
Which of the following statements about the oxidation potential of photosystem II is true?
Its oxidation potential is high enough that it can oxidize water.
The cyclic reactions in carbon fixation do not require which of the following?
Light
Which of the following statements best describes the properties of light?
Light has properties of both a particle and a wave.
During the electron transport stage of the thylakoid reactions electrons are shuttled along a series of electron carrier molecules, eventually reaching the final acceptor. This final acceptor is
NADP+
The synthesis of NADPH is catalyzed by which of the following?
NADP+ reductase
Which of the following is made during the light-dependent stages of photosynthesis?
NADPH
Which of the following (choose all that apply) are necessary for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?
NADPH ATP
Which of the following is associated with the reaction center of PS II?
P680
Photosystem I contains the pigment
P700
The enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate is called
PEP
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to a molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate?
PEP carboxylase
Which of the following differentiates PEP carboxylase from rubisco?
PEP carboxylase does not bind oxygen
Which of the following accurately describes C4 photosynthesis?
PEP is synthesized in the mesophyll cells, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle-sheath cells.
A beam of light can remove electrons from certain molecules, creating electrical current. What is this phenomenon called?
Photoelectric effect
Which photosystem's main function is to generate high-energy electrons for the synthesis of ATP?
Photosystem II
Which molecule donates electrons for the synthesis of NADPH in chloroplasts?
Reduced ferredoxin
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, how much of each product is synthesized?
Roughly equal amounts of ATP and NADPH
In the Calvin cycle CO2 is attached to an organic molecule abbreviated as_________
RuBP
Plants using the energy from the sun make ATP and NADPH during which stage of photosynthesis?
Second
Which of the following statements about radiation is TRUE?
Shorter-wavelength radiation carries more energy per unit of time than longer-wavelength radiation.
How are the C3 and the C4 pathways separated in CAM plants?
The C4 pathway occurs at night, while the C3 pathway occurs during the day.
What is ultimately the main source of energy for almost all living cells on Earth?
The Sun
What is the name for the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in promoting photosynthesis?
The action spectrum
The following graph shows the output of photosynthesis on the Y axis as a function of increasing intensity of light flashed at a plant on the X axis. The different lines on the graph show the saturation of photosynthesis based on the proportion of chlorophyll molecules used by a plant. What does the line marked by the letter A represent?
The expected saturation of photosynthesis if all molecules of chlorophyll are being used.
The third and final stage of photosynthesis is also known as which of the following?
The light-independent reactions
The following diagram represents light absorption as a function of wavelength of various pigments. Which of the three pigments might reflect a yellow or red color?
The pigment represented by the gray line
In bacteria, light-dependent reactions take place in which of the following?
The plasma membrane
Which of the following describes the photosynthetic enhancement effect?
The rate of photosynthesis is fastest in the presence of red and far-red wavelengths of light together.
Which of the following membranes contains pigments in a green plant?
The thylakoid membrane
Which of the following is an accurate description of carotenoids?
They are made of carbon rings connected to carbon chains with alternating single and double bonds.
How are the equation for photosynthesis in plants and the equation for cellular respiration related?
They are the reverse of each other.
Which of the following statements about anoxygenic bacteria is not true?
They can oxidize water.
Which of the following describes anoxygenic bacteria?
They cannot oxidize water. They cannot produce oxygen.
The production of one molecule of O2 during photosynthesis requires how many chlorophyll molecules?
Thousands
What is the function of the b6-f complex?
To pump protons in the thylakoid space
A Z diagram illustrates how many electron-energizing steps?
Two
How many different types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts?
Two
What is the net gain of the Calvin cycle?
Two molecules of G3P
Which of the following wavelengths of light are preferentially absorbed by chlorophyll molecules?
Violet-blue Red
What is split during photosynthesis in plants resulting in the production of oxygen?
Water
Do C4 and CAM plants also use C3 photosynthesis?
Yes, both C4 and CAM plants also use C3 photosynthesis
The __ diagram describes the energy transitions of electrons as they move through the __ reactions.
Z ; light
Chlorophyll___is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants as it converts light energy into chemical energy; chlorophyll ___acts as an accessory pigment.
a b
A photon of light has properties of both
a particle and a wave.
A particle of light that acts as a discrete bundle of energy is called____________
a photon
After absorbing the energy from light, chlorophyll in the reaction center becomes
a strong electron donor
The first step in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by the reaction center is
absorption of a photon of light by chlorophyll in the reaction center.
A graph depicting the efficiency of photon absorption by a pigment molecule as a function of photon wavelength is known as the
absorption spectrum of the pigment
The____________ spectrum of photosynthesis shows the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in promoting photosynthesis.
action
Review the diagram of photosynthesis in the chloroplast. What does the thick arrow labeled with the letter A point to?
b6-f complex
The wavelength of visible light is
between 400-740 nm
The ATP needed in the Calvin cycle comes from
both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation
A C3 plant
can only fix carbon using the Calvin cycle
The first stage of photosynthesis is
capturing energy from the sunlight
The formation of organic molecules from carbon dioxide is called
carbon fixation
van Niel introduced the term _____________ ___________to denote the process of converting CO2 into organic matter using the electrons and protons resulting from the splitting of water.
carbon fixation
The Calvin cycle begins with
carbon fixation using Rubisco
The solid gray line on the image shows the absorption spectrum of
carotenoids
The two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and
carotenoids
During the fourth stage of the thylakoid reactions, known as_____________ , protons flow across the membrane down their gradient and in the process ATP is synthesized.
chemiosmosis
Green plants utilize _________a and b to absorb light energy in photosynthesis.
chlorophyll
In chloroplasts, the light-harvesting complex is composed of a web of ____________ molecules linked together and held tightly in the thylakoid membrane by a matrix of proteins.
chlorophyll
In photosynthesis, _______ molecules preferentially absorb violet-blue and red light.
chlorophyll
The dotted line on the image shows the absorption spectrum of
chlorophyll b
The synthesis of ATP during the light reactions in anoxygenic bacteria is achieved as the electron that was transferred out of the photosystem returns to the chlorophyll molecule in the reaction center; this is also known as___________________
cyclic
In anoxygenic bacteria, excited electrons that are transferred out of the photosystem eventually return back to the chlorophyll in the reaction center; this process is known as_________
cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem II and photosystem I in the chloroplast are connected by a_____________ /b6-f complex.
cytochrome
The first two stages of photosynthesis require light and are commonly known as the light-_________reactions.
dependent
The light-____________reactions of photosynthesis occur on membranes.
dependent
The role of the light-harvesting complex is to
directly absorb photons of light
Both PEP carboxylase and rubisco can fix carbon dioxide. However, PEP carboxylase:
does not bind oxygen
The electron that is transferred out of the chlorophyll in the reaction center is restored from a nearby weak electron_________.
donor
In the reaction center, excited ____________ (is) are transferred out of the photosystem.
electrons
In the visible spectrum, light energy may be absorbed by boosting ___________ to higher atomic energy levels, sometimes called energy shells
electrons
In the light-harvesting complex of the chloroplast, it is excitation ____________, not the electrons themselves, that pass from one pigment molecule to the next.
energy
The ATP synthases of chloroplasts and mitochondria are
evolutionary related
Photosystem I passes electrons to
ferredoxin.
NADP reductase accepts two electrons from two molecules of __ and catalyzes the production of __.
ferredoxin; NADPH
In the process of carbon _________ carbon dioxide is incorporated into a molecule of ribulose biphosphate forming an unstable 6 carbon intermediate that immediately splits into two 3-carbon molecules.
fixation
The third stage of photosynthesis is also called carbon_______________
fixation
the G3P produced during the calvin cycle is transported into the cytoplasm where it is usually converted into ________________ 6-phosphate and ________________ 1-phosphate
fructose glucose
The reaction center pigment of purple non-sulfur bacteria is called P870 because
its peak absorption is for light with a wavelength of 870 nm
Longer wavelength radiation contains __________ energy per unit time than shorter wavelength radiation.
less
The role of the ___________harvesting complex is to directly absorb photons of light.
light
In addition to chlorophyll molecules and proteins, the reaction center of photosystem II also contains four_______________ atoms.
manganese or Mn
In C4 plants PEP carboxylase is only active in____________ cells.
mesophyll
In a leaf, the thick layer of cells that are rich in chloroplasts is called the
mesophyll
The process in which electrons from water move through PSII and PSI and ultimately to NADPH is also known as______________ photophosphorylation.
noncyclic
In chloroplasts, electrons ejected from the photosystems do not return to them, which is known as_________
noncyclic photophosphorylation.
Roughly equal amounts of NADPH and ATP are generated in
noncyclic photophosphorylation.
Anoxygenic bacteria have how many photosystems?
one
Experiments that led to the discovery of photosystems involved illuminating a Chlorella culture with an increasing intensity of light and measuring the yield of_________per pulse.
oxygen or O2
The production of one molecule of ____ from water during photosynthesis requires several thousand chlorophyll molecules.
oxygen or O2
Which are the two main forms of photosynthesis?
oxygenic anoxygenic
A key difference between noncyclic photophosphorylation and cyclic photophosphorylation is that in cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons are
passed back to the b6-f complex rather than passing on to NADP+.
The removal of electrons from certain molecules by a beam of light is also known as the___________ effect.
photoelectric
During the primary photoevent, a(n) _________ of light is captured by a pigment.
photon
For an electron to absorb light energy, it must absorb a(n) ____________________that contains enough energy to overcome the energy difference between the orbital the electron is in, and the one to which it will be boosted.
photon
The energy content of a ____________is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light.
photon
In hot and dry conditions, the process of ___________ can reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis by 25-50%
photorespiration
he enzyme rubisco has more than one activity. Because of this, most plants also perform _________, which consumes oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide. This process can lower the net benefit from photosynthesis
photorespiration
On the following diagram of photosynthesis in the chloroplast, the thick arrow labeled with the letter A points to: P.164
photosystem I
Almost all photosynthetic organisms capture light using
photosystems
In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, except one class of photosynthetic bacteria, light is captured by clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules, which together are called____________
photosystems
Photosynthetic pigments in the chloroplast are organized into distinct clusters known as
photosystems
Pigment molecules capturing photons in the chloroplast are organized in distinct structures called_________________.
photosystems
In chloroplasts, several dozen of these kinds of molecules help comprise a light harvesting complex:
pigments
During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, photosystem I accepts an electron from a small copper-containing protein called_________________
plastocyanin
n a chlorophyll molecule, an excited electron can follow a path around several atoms in the ___________ ring, meaning it is delocalized, and thus able to absorb light energy.
porphyrin
Recent studies with the atomic force microscope have shown that PSI and the ATP synthase are not randomly distributed in thylakoid membranes, rather, they seem concentrated
primarily in the connections between grana (the stroma lamellae).
The reaction center in chloroplasts is a transmembrane_____________ pigment complex.
protein
In a photosystem, chlorophyll a molecules are found in a matrix of
proteins
The C4 pathway has a cost to plants, because the conversion of _________ to PEP requires the expenditure of ATP
pyruvate
The primary electron acceptor for the excited electron leaving photosystem II is a________molecule.
quinone
when P870 absorbs a photon the excited electron is passed to the electron transport chain which ultimately passes it back to the_____________ _________________
reaction center
During photosynthesis, glucose is produced via the ________ of CO2.
reduction
A leaf that appears to be green to the human eye contains pigment molecules that are
reflecting green light
When light strikes a pigment, some wavelengths are absorbed and some are reflected. For instance, a leaf that appears green to the eye____________ green wavelengths of light.
reflects
According to the graph, once saturation of photosynthesis has occurred, the amount of oxygen released
remains the same
The abbreviation, RuBP, stands for________ 1,5-bisphosphate.
ribulose
What is the name of the enzyme that incorporates CO2 into organic matter during the Calvin cycle?
rubisco
During the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, an excited electron is transferred from chlorophyll in the reaction center to an acceptor molecule; this stage in the thylakoid reactions is also known as charge
separation
The electromagnetic ______________encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
spectrum
The range and efficiency of photons that a pigment molecule is capable of absorbing constitute its characteristic absorption___________.
spectrum
When photosynthesis results in the accumulation of G3P in the stroma faster, the G3P is used to make glucose 1-P which is then used to make_________ grains.
starch
When photosynthesis results in the accumulation of G3P in the stroma faster, the G3P is used to make glucose 1-P which is then used to make__________ grains.
starch
During times of intensive photosynthesis, chloroplast can store glucose in the form of
starch grains.
Which of the following are parts of the chloroplast?
stroma thylakoids inner membrane grana
In hot, arid conditions, specialized openings in the leaf called ___ close to conserve water, cutting off the supply of carbon dioxide entering the leaf
stromata
Reduced quinone is a
strong electron donor.
Most plants combine glucose and fructose to produce _____ which is the major transport sugar.
sucrose
Most plants transport the fixed carbon in the form of the transport sugar
sucrose
After it is transported into the cytoplasm, the G3P made during photosynthesis is usually used to synthesize fructose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate, which can be used to form Multiple choice question.
sucrose.
The energy used by most living cells comes ultimately from the_________ and is captured through the process of___________.
sun photosynthesis
Plastoquinone is a strong electron donor--it passes its electrons to_____________
the b6-f complex
Once a photon is captured by the light harvesting complex, the pigments in it transfer
the energy of excited electrons but not electrons themselves.
In a green plant, the majority of photosynthesis takes place in __.
the leaves
The excited chlorophyll in the reaction center transfers its electron to
the primary acceptor
In the Fall, aspen leaves change from a green color to a lovely yellow color. Seasonal color changes in a leaf happen because
the quantity of chlorophyll in a leaf declines, unmasking the carotenoids.
In a chloroplast, chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy are found in the internal, or inner membrane, which is also called the___________ membrane.
thylakoid
The function of the b6-f complex is to pump protons into the____________ space.
thylakoid
The inner (internal) membrane of the chloroplast is also called the______________ membrane.
thylakoid
The___________membrane contains pigment molecules, including chlorophyll.
thylakoid
The ATP synthase enzymes of chloroplasts are located in the
thylakoid membrane.
The internal membrane of the chloroplast is also known as the
thylakoid membrane.
How many bacteriochlorophyll a molecules are located in the reaction center of purple photosynthetic bacteria contains? Multiple choice question. two
two
The reaction center of purple photosynthetic bacteria contains____________ (how many) bacteriochlorophyll a molecule(s).
two
Jan Baptista ________ _________performed an experiment for which he grew a willow tree in a pot for several years, during which time he kept an exact record of changes in the weight of the soil.
van helmont
Having two different linked photosystems in chloroplasts overcomes the limitations of anoxygenic photosynthesis by allowing the oxidation of___________.
water
The oxidation potential of PSII is high enough that it can oxidize
water
The oxygen produced by plants during photosynthesis comes from the splitting of ________________ molecules.
water
In photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced to glucose using electrons from the oxidation of___________ ; in respiration,__________ is oxidized to CO2 using O2 as the final electron acceptor.
water, H20, or H2O glucose
The __________nature of light produces an electromagnetic spectrum.
wave
