Chapter 8: The Digestive System

In the ileum

Absorbs nutrients from digested food

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Occlusion

Any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

lingual frenulum (frenum)

Attaches tongue to the floor of the mouth

In the duodenum

Chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile Bile emulsifies fat

Colon

Contains the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon

Dentin

Dense tissue forming the bulk of a tooth.

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption Contain blood vessels and lacteals -blood vessels absorb nutrients directly from the digestive system into the bloodstream for delivery to cells -lacteals absorbs starts and if that soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream

Cecum

First part of the large intestine that contains the ileocecal sphincter, a ring like muscle that separates the small intestine from the large intestine, and the vermiform appendix

temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)

Formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

Salivary gland

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

Roots

Hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch

Sublingual glands

A pair of salivary glands in the floor of the mouth.

Bolus

A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva

Chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

Papillae of the tongue

Protective tough covering on the dorsum of the tongue that contains taste buds

In the jejunum

Secretes large amounts of digestive enzymes

The liver

Stores glucose as glycogen Secretes bilirubin into bile Creates bile, which aids in the digestion of fats

Periodontium

Structures, such as the bone of the dental arches and the soft tissues that surround and support the teeth, that's around support and are attached to the teeth

Dental arches

The bony structures of the oral cavity that hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking

Cervix

The neck of the tooth; where the crown and root meet

Gingiva

The specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth

A gastroenterologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines (gastr/o means stomach, enter means small intestine, and -ologist means specialist).

proctologist

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus (proct means anus and rectum, and -ologist means specialist).

A registered dietitian (RD)

a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake.

Oral thrush

a type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control. The symptoms are creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks. This condition occurs most often in infants, older adults with weakened immune systems, or individuals who have been taking antibiotics.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

also known as GERD, is the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus Reflux means a backward or return flow. When this occurs, the stomach acid irritates and damages the delicate lining of the esophagus.

A cleft lip

also known as a harelip, is a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development.

Halitosis

also known as bad breath, is an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders (halit means breath, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease).

Aphthous ulcers

also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers, are gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth. Although the exact cause is unknown, the appearance of these very common sores is associated with stress, certain foods, or fever.

Cheilosis

also known as cheilitis, is a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth (cheil means lips, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease).

Herpes labialis

also known as cold sores or fever blisters, are blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Most adults have been infected by this extremely common virus, and in some, it becomes reactivated periodically, causing cold sores.

`Xerostomia

also known as dry mouth, is the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands (xer/o means dry, stom means mouth or oral cavity, and -ia means pertaining to). This condition can be due to medications or radiation of the salivary glands, and can cause discomfort, difficulty in swallowing, changes in the taste of food, and dental decay.

Pyrosis

also known as heartburn, is the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

Dyspepsia

also known as indigestion, is pain or discomfort in digestion

Periodontal disease

also known as periodontitis, is an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth This progressive disease is classified according to the degree of tissue involvement. In severe cases, the gums and bone surrounding the teeth are involved.

Morbid obesity

also known as severe obesity, is the condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40. As used here, the term morbid means a diseased state.

Dental calculus

also known as tartar, is dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth. These deposits irritate the surrounding tissues and cause increasingly serious periodontal diseases.

Dental caries

also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth. If the decay process is not arrested, the pulp can be exposed and become infected.

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)

also known as trench mouth, is caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth. As this condition progresses, the inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and the death of gum tissue become more severe. Necrotizing means causing ongoing tissue death.

Emesis

also known as vomiting, is the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth.

hiatal hernia

an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm A hernia is the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it. This condition can cause GERD and pyrosis

Obesity

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body. The term obese is usually used to refer to individuals who are more than 20% to 30% over the established weight standards for their height, age, and gender.

Stomatitis

an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth (stomat means mouth or oral cavity, and -itis means inflammation).

Gastroenteritis

an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

An ulcer

an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

Malocclusion

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth.

Stomatomycosis

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus (stomat/o means mouth or oral cavity, myc means fungus, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease).

Esophageal varices

are enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus (singular, varix). Severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins ruptures.

Peptic ulcers

are sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system ( Peptic ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes The condition of having peptic ulcers is referred to as peptic ulcer disease.

Parts of the large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

trismus

describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer. causes difficulty in speaking and affects the patient's nutrition due to impaired ability to chew and swallow.

Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

Small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

A dentist

holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity.

Bruxism

involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. It can also occur habitually during the day. Bruxism wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the temporomandibular joint.

Leukoplakia

is an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek (leuk/o means white, and -plakia means plaque). These lesions develop in response to chronic irritation in the mouth such as constant rubbing against a broken tooth.

Submandibular glands

located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible

Edentulous

means without teeth. This term describes the situation after the natural permanent teeth have been lost.

Biliary

pertaining to bile and the gallbladder

Cholecystic

pertaining to the gallbladder

Hepatic

pertaining to the liver

Pulp cavity

receives blood vessels and nerves through the root canal

stoma

refers to an artificial mouth-like opening between an organ and the body's surface.

anorectal

refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit

gut microflora

refers to the billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system

A stricture of the esophagus

resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties. A stricture is an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage

Pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

Parotid gland

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

An oral or maxillofacial surgeon

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries.

Gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

Bariatrics

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases.

Gingivitis

the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums

Gastrorrhea

the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

Aerophagia

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach

A cleft palate

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus. This opening can involve the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate. If not corrected, this opening between the nose and mouth makes it difficult for the child to eat and speak. Cleft lip and cleft palate can occur singly or together and usually can be corrected surgically

Rugae

the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach A lot of stomach to increase and decrease in size Contains glands that secrete gastric juices

Anorexia

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease.

Mastication

the process of chewing

borborygmus

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

Crown

visible part of the tooth covered by enamel

Dental plaque

which is a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. Dental plaque consists of bacteria and bacterial by-products.

The body mass index (BMI)

a number that shows body weight adjusted for height. The results fall into one of these categories: underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. A high BMI is one of many factors related to developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, or diabetes.

Tongue

Important for speaking, chewing, and swallowing

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Gastric juices

Made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid that aid in food digestion Mucus produced by glands coats the stomach

pylorus of stomach

Narrow passage that connects the stomach with a small intestine

Dentition

Natural teeth in the dental arch 4 types: incisors and canines (biting), pre-molars and molars (chewing)

Eosinophilic esophagitis

a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods The resulting inflammation can make it difficult to swallow. This disease appears to be increasingly common in children and adults.

Gastritis

a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

A perforating ulcer

a complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall.

Dehydration

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance

Gastroparesis

a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally

Malabsorption

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it.

Cachexia

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS. Although these patients might be eating enough food, their bodies are unable to absorb enough nutrients.

Barrett's esophagus

a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure. Some patients with chronic GERD develop this complication, which slightly increases the risk of esophageal cancer.

An orthodontist

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures (orth means straight or normal, odont means the teeth, and -ist means specialist).

A periodontist

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth (peri- means surrounding, odont means the teeth, and -ist means specialist).

Malnutrition

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients.

Lower esophageal sphincter

a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach Relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach