Chapter 8

the most important products of chemical transformation that occur during the citric acid cycle

FADH; NADH

true or false: in most cases the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine

FALSE

true or false: insulin is released in the post-absorptive state

FALSE

the [ ] is a linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism

electron transport chain

metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including:

energy release from biological fuels; synthesize proteins; eliminate waste products

catabolic hormones

glucagon; epinephrine; cortisol

match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right

glucogenic=pyruvate; ketogenic=acetyl CoA

when the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as [ ]

gluconeogenesis

key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities

insulin; glucagon; epinephrine; thyroid hormone

steps of citric acid cycle

(1) acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate; (2) citrate is converted to an intermediate compound; (3) NADH is formed and combines with citrate; (4) alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidizes, resulting in succinyl-CoA; (5) ATP forms GTP; (6) oxaloacetate is re-formed

steps of energy production from ATP in order

(1) enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP; (2) ATP molecule loses power; (3) ADP is formed

steps as to how vitamin B deficiency is linked to fatigue

(1) inadequate vitamin intake; (2) lack of coenzyme production; (3) decreased conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA; (4) person becomes fatigued

during beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into [ ] carbon segments that are converted to [ ]

2; acetyl CoA

a healthy liver can metabolize up to about [ ]g of alcohol per hour

15

what is responsible for transporting hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain

NADH; FADH2

true or false: the thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions

TRUE

metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrient, [ ], or when the digestive tract is inactive, [ ]

absorptive; postabsorptive

order the substances based on the order in which they appear starting with the earliest stages of alcohol metabolism

acetaldehyde; aldehydedehydrogenase; acetate; acetyl CoA

lipogenesis occurs as a result of combining [ ] molecules in a series of repeating sequential reactions

acetyl CoA

when the body has access to oxygen, the pyruvate that is formed from glycolysis is converted to [ ]

acetyl coenzyme A

atp yields

alanine= 14 ATP; palmitic acid= 106 ATP; glucose= 30-32 ATP

[ ] refers to metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones

anabolism

during [ ] conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid

anaerobic

[ ] is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid

beta-oxidation

the most important use of some of the energy released during electron transfer

binding Pi to ADP

[ ] [ ] is defined as having 4 or more drinks for females and 5 or more drinks for males per 2-hour occasion

binge drinking

the most important products produced during the citric acid cycle are the [ ] that are produced

coenzymes

the [ ] [ ] is a pathway in which the liver cells remove the lactate from the blood stream and recycle it into glucose

cori cycle

first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins

create structural molecules; synthesize hormones; synthesize enzymes

[ ] is commonly known as adrenaline

epinephrine

examples of anabolic reactions

glycerol+free fatty acids = triglycerides; glucose=glycogen; amino acids= proteins

the pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is [ ]

glycogenesis

[ ] occurs when glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules with the help of coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate

glygogenolysis

cortisol promotes what actions

increases use of amino acids for glucogenesis; increases protein catabolism

products of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate

lactic acid; lactate

which cells are able to make glucose from lactate

liver cells

energy [ ] involves the chemical pathways that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrients and alcohol

metabolism

alcohol dehydrogenase pathway [ ]

occurs in the liver; is a catabolic pathway

human cells obtain energy by

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients

as acetyl CoA molecules are added to the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid, the fatty acid is able to

store energy; elongate

the conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on:

the specific amino acid