Chapter 8
the most important products of chemical transformation that occur during the citric acid cycle
FADH; NADH
true or false: in most cases the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine
FALSE
true or false: insulin is released in the post-absorptive state
FALSE
the [ ] is a linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism
electron transport chain
metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including:
energy release from biological fuels; synthesize proteins; eliminate waste products
catabolic hormones
glucagon; epinephrine; cortisol
match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right
glucogenic=pyruvate; ketogenic=acetyl CoA
when the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as [ ]
gluconeogenesis
key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities
insulin; glucagon; epinephrine; thyroid hormone
steps of citric acid cycle
(1) acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate; (2) citrate is converted to an intermediate compound; (3) NADH is formed and combines with citrate; (4) alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidizes, resulting in succinyl-CoA; (5) ATP forms GTP; (6) oxaloacetate is re-formed
steps of energy production from ATP in order
(1) enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP; (2) ATP molecule loses power; (3) ADP is formed
steps as to how vitamin B deficiency is linked to fatigue
(1) inadequate vitamin intake; (2) lack of coenzyme production; (3) decreased conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA; (4) person becomes fatigued
during beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into [ ] carbon segments that are converted to [ ]
2; acetyl CoA
a healthy liver can metabolize up to about [ ]g of alcohol per hour
15
what is responsible for transporting hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain
NADH; FADH2
true or false: the thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions
TRUE
metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrient, [ ], or when the digestive tract is inactive, [ ]
absorptive; postabsorptive
order the substances based on the order in which they appear starting with the earliest stages of alcohol metabolism
acetaldehyde; aldehydedehydrogenase; acetate; acetyl CoA
lipogenesis occurs as a result of combining [ ] molecules in a series of repeating sequential reactions
acetyl CoA
when the body has access to oxygen, the pyruvate that is formed from glycolysis is converted to [ ]
acetyl coenzyme A
atp yields
alanine= 14 ATP; palmitic acid= 106 ATP; glucose= 30-32 ATP
[ ] refers to metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones
anabolism
during [ ] conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid
anaerobic
[ ] is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid
beta-oxidation
the most important use of some of the energy released during electron transfer
binding Pi to ADP
[ ] [ ] is defined as having 4 or more drinks for females and 5 or more drinks for males per 2-hour occasion
binge drinking
the most important products produced during the citric acid cycle are the [ ] that are produced
coenzymes
the [ ] [ ] is a pathway in which the liver cells remove the lactate from the blood stream and recycle it into glucose
cori cycle
first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins
create structural molecules; synthesize hormones; synthesize enzymes
[ ] is commonly known as adrenaline
epinephrine
examples of anabolic reactions
glycerol+free fatty acids = triglycerides; glucose=glycogen; amino acids= proteins
the pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is [ ]
glycogenesis
[ ] occurs when glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules with the help of coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate
glygogenolysis
cortisol promotes what actions
increases use of amino acids for glucogenesis; increases protein catabolism
products of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate
lactic acid; lactate
which cells are able to make glucose from lactate
liver cells
energy [ ] involves the chemical pathways that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrients and alcohol
metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase pathway [ ]
occurs in the liver; is a catabolic pathway
human cells obtain energy by
releasing chemical energy from macronutrients
as acetyl CoA molecules are added to the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid, the fatty acid is able to
store energy; elongate
the conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on:
the specific amino acid