Chapter 9
Fundamentals
(1) focus initially on creating a prototype that looks and acts like the desired system (2) involve system users in the analysis, design and development phases (3) accelerate collecting the business requirements through an interactive and iterative construction approach
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) chart
Graphical network model that depicts a projects tasks and the relationships between them
How does SDLC Begin?
It begins with a business need, proceeds to an assessment of the functions a system must have to satisfy the need, and ends when the benefits of the system no longer outweigh its maintenance costs
SMART Criteria
S- specific, M-Measurable, A-agreed upon, R-realistic, T-Time frame
Triple Constraint
Three primary and interdependent variables in any project (Time, cost, and scope, if one changes, at least one other is likely to be affected)
Extreme Programming Methodology
XP- Breaks a project into four phases, and developers cannot continue to the next phase until the previous phase is complete (Planning, designing, coding, testing)
Agile Methodology
aims for customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software components developed by an iterative process using the bare minimum requirements
Gate one: inception
all stakeholders have shared understanding of proposed system
Outsourcing
an arrangement by which one organization provides a service or services for another organization that chooses not to perform them in-house (it enables companies to keep up with market and technology advances, less strain on human and financial resources)
Testing
brings all the project pieces together into a special testing environment to eliminate errors and bugs, and verify that the system meets all the business requirements defined in analysis phase
Gate three: construction
building and developing
Iterative development
consists of a series of tiny projects
Near shore Outsourcing
contracting an outsourcing arrangement with a company in a nearby country. Often they share borders
Project Management Institute
develops procedures and concepts necessary to support the profession of project management
Rapid Application Development Methodology (RAD)
emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system, to accelerate the systems development process
Onshore outsourcing
engaging another company within the same country for services
Gate four: transition
ensure that software is available for its end users.
Planning
establishes a high-level plan of the intended project and determines project goals
Critical path
estimates the shortest path through the project ensuring all critical tasks are completed from start to finish
Gate two: elaboration
expands on agreed upon details
Project assumptions
factors considered to be true, real, or certain without proof or demonstration, EX) hours in a work week, time of the year work will be performed
Project management
is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements
Dependency
logical relationship that exists between the project tasks, or between a project task and a milestone
Project objectives
most important areas to define, because they are major elements of project (Quantifiable criteria that must be met for the project to be considered a success→Must include metrics, so success can be measured)
Maintenance
organization performs changes, corrections, additions, and upgrades to ensure the system continues to meet its business goals
Implementation
organization places the system into production so users can begin to perform actual business operations with it
Rational Unified Process Methodology (RUP)
owned by IBM, provides a frame work for breaking down the development of software into four "gates"
What are the Seven distinct phases of SDLC?
planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance
Waterfall methodology
sequence of phases in which the output of each phase becomes the input for the next. 10% success rate (In SDLC means steps are performed one at a time, from planning to implementation)
Methodology
set of policies, procedures, standards, processes, practices, tools, techniques, and tasks that people apply to technical and management challenges
Gantt chart
simple bar chart that lists project tasks vertically against the projects time frame, listed horizontally (Shows progress of tasks against planned duration)
Development
takes all the detailed design documents from the design phase and transforms them into the actual systems
Analysis
the firm analyzes its end-user business requirements and refines project goals into defined functions and operations of the intended system (Business requirements are the specific business request the system must meet to be successful)
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
the overall process for developing information systems, from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance (Determining budgets, gathering system requirements, and writing detailed user documentation)
Design
this establishes descriptions of the desired features and operations of the system including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code, and other documentation
Scrum Methodology
uses small teams to produce small pieces of software using a series of "sprints" or 30-day intervals, to achieve an appointed goal
Offshore outsourcing
using organization from developing countries to write code and develop systems. Geographically far away