chapter 9-12

Little Tomas can see a toy horse inside a plastic toy barn on the floor. His mom on the other side of the room cannot see into the barn. When asked what his mom can see Tomas describes she can see a brown horse inside the barn. What cognitive limitation of young children does this situation present? Essentialism Precausal reasoning Conservation Egocentrism Animistic thinking

Egocentrism

_______ are a type of short story used to test young children's knowledge about how a character in a story feels or might act in a particular situation. "How does it feel" narratives Assessment features Theory of mind narratives Experimental narratives Emotion vignettes

Emotion vignettes

Jamal, who is 32, cannot remember who his teacher was when he was 7 years old, but he remembers specific, vivid details from his classroom and the day he fell and needed to get stitches. What kind of memory has Jamal stored? Repressive memory Episodic memory Long-term memory Working memory Eventful-historic memory

Episodic memory

Mr. Johnson is concerned that one of his sixth-grade students may be experiencing food insecurity. A colleague dismisses Mr. Johnson's concerns, reminding him that the child is slightly overweight. Should Mr. Johnson be concerned? Yes, food insecurity is about a lack of quality food as well as quantity. Obesity is one of the most common signs of food insecurity. Yes, all children should be screened for food insecurity in the United States. Yes, food insecurity occurs in nearly half of all families in the United States. No, food insecurity is extremely rare in the United States given many entitlements. No, the student is clearly not underweight, so is getting sufficient food and there is nothing to worry about.

Yes, food insecurity is about a lack of quality food as well as quantity. Obesity is one of the most common signs of food insecurity.

Jaylene has chronic asthma that has caused her and her family numerous trips to the hospital over many years. Jaylene's family has good health insurance, and she is receiving excellent care for her frequent medical needs. Are there still concerns her family should have? Yes, a chronic illness is often a sign of negative family relationships. No, Jaylene has a loving family who is able to afford high quality care. No, diseases in middle childhood nearly always correct themselves with little to no lasting impact on development if proper healthcare is received. Yes, chronic illnesses during middle childhood are more detrimental than those present earlier in life. Yes, stressors associated with chronic childhood disease can cause academic, emotional, and social difficulties

Yes, stressors associated with chronic childhood disease can cause academic, emotional, and social difficulties

Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children? Young infants respond negatively to new people or events. Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people. Young infants appear to associate specific emotions with particular caregivers. Young infants respond only to their primary caregivers but not unfamiliar people. Young infants can express self-conscious emotions.

Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people.

Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development? Younger children can mimic effective moral reasoning by copying the behaviors of their older siblings. Older children are more likely to show a decline in moral functioning following the birth of a sibling. Sibling relationships are often contexts for moral strife and coercion, increasing the risk for unwanted, aggressive behaviors. Older children are able to learn more effective moral reasoning skills by imitating the behaviors of their younger siblings. Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others.

Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others.

A significant reason for the recent decrease in children's time spent in physical activity is a tendency for children to prefer spending time doing homework. an increase in community-run, non-athletic activities. a decrease in recess and physical education time during school hours. a lack of resources for many families. insufficient societal messaging about the need for exercise.

a decrease in recess and physical education time during school hours.

A prime example of spatial cognition would be seen when a child understands that objects, shapes and locations may appear different to others. numbers follow a sequence that can map to space on a page. three precedes the number four. math skills are important to understanding spatial reasoning. a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole.

a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole.

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized in children by malformed limbs, such as stumps for arms or legs. a small forehead, short nose, and thin upper lip. an inability to process protein, resulting in hair loss. an inability to develop mutual eye gaze. an inability to develop visual acuity until age 1.

a small forehead, short nose, and thin upper lip.

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child. emotional reflection emotional care care management distress tolerance tolerance of risk

distress tolerance

Su-Wei was sharing with her class about her earliest memories of being taken on her father's fishing boat on her birthday in Taiwan, learning how to catch fish and later prepare it for sale in the market, and making traditional Taiwanese dishes prepared using fish. Su-Wei is drawing knowledge from her _______ memory. emotional episodic semantic procedural intrinsic

episodic

_______ memory is defined as the personal events that you remember, whereas _______ memory consists of memories related to general knowledge. episodic; semantic semantic; meta- meta-; episodic autobiographical; semantic episodic; working

episodic; semantic

Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to develop more cooperative behaviors. eventually stop pushing his sister. escalate his aggressive behavior. isolate himself from his family members. become more attached to his father.

escalate his aggressive behavior.

Nicholas told his mother that his friend Chang won the class math contest earlier that day. His mother responded, "well, Chinese people are good at math." This type of sentence is an example of essentialism. discrimination. narrow thinking. ethnocentrism. racial stability.

essentialism.

Bert has been classified as possessing an insecure/disorganized attachment style. It is most probable that he developed effective coping strategies to handle strange situations. possesses a shy temperament, making it hard to form new attachments. has a younger sibling, increasing competition for caregiver attention. experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver. will grow out of this phase with time.

experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver.

Research has shown that parents who consistently engage in emotion talk with their children have children that are more likely to demonstrate all the following except experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school. having better social interactions with peers. being better at understanding emotional content in story-telling. having lower externalizing problems in school. being more aware of the connection between emotions and situations.

experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school.

Harold was asked to write a brief essay for his seventh-grade class discussing the role of sports participation in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. In it, Harold discusses how exercise is necessary for building strong muscles and bones and staying fit. This assignment requires _______ writing. personal reflective creative expository technical

expository

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension distress to limitations. soothing abilities. disinhibition. emotional stress. fear and inhibition.

fear and inhibition.

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as emotion referencing. social norms. emotional gauging. social referencing. social canvasing.

social referencing.

Changes in gross motor skills during middle childhood include strength, dexterity, muscle mass, and balance. strength, flexibility, balance, and agility. dexterity, flexibility, balance, and muscle tone. balance, dexterity, flexibility, and muscle tone. balance, strength, muscle tone, and muscle mass.

strength, flexibility, balance, and agility.

The brain's volume gradually increases over childhood through the processes of synaptogenesis and myelination. maturation and migration of neurons. regeneration in neurogenesis. germination and mitosis migration and apoptosis.

synaptogenesis and myelination.

Research shows that a large number of neural connections are formed during the first few months and years of life. This process is known as synaptogenesis. myelination. pruning. migration. neurogenesis.

synaptogenesis.

Hector proudly shows off his binder of baseball cards to his friends at school. The cards are organized based on a player's team affiliation, base percentage, and finally home runs. Hector has organized his cards using decentralized operations. taxonomic categories. inferential systems. deductive organization. inductive organization.

taxonomic categories.

Jessica is watching from her playpen as her mother plays on the piano. Every time her mother moves her fingers on the keyboard, a sound is made. Jessica is able to connect her mother's fingers on the keyboard to the sounds that she hears because of asynchronous perception. sensory maturation. perceptual understanding. temporal synchrony. parallel sensitivity.

temporal synchrony.

The two leading ways in which children suffer injuries during middle childhood are team sports and recreational leagues. vehicle accidents and team sports. bicycle accidents and soccer. vehicle accidents and bicycle accidents. soccer and football.

vehicle accidents and bicycle accidents.

Participation in formal and informal sports and other physical activity has benefits that include all of the following except reduced risk of obesity. muscle growth. bone growth. heart health. weight gain.

weight gain.

Although Nora tries hard to pay attention in class, she has difficulty remembering all the instructions her teacher gave them for their new science project. Nora might have limited working memory. cognitive flexibility. processing speed. long-term memory. selective attention.

working memory.

Children tend to have better control over their fine motor skills as evidenced by their handwriting and detail in drawings. Developments in such abilities are often seen in children around age 15 years. 3 years. 12 years 5 years. 8 years.

8 years.

Which is not known to impact a child's quality and quantity of sleep? Parent-child conflict A dark, cool room An erratic schedule Poor parent-child interactions Catching up on sleep during weekends

A dark, cool room

Which might be an accurate statement around contextual risks to being overweight? There is no correlation between food marketing and a child's eating habits. A child's genetics is the greatest contributing factor in determining risk for obesity. A child's school environment surpasses other contexts in determining the health status of a child under age 12 years. A family's eating choices are the largest contributing factor in a child's eating habits and risk for obesity. A child's peers play little role in their eating habits.

A family's eating choices are the largest contributing factor in a child's eating habits and risk for obesity.

Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes? Parents talking to their son about how excited he was to ride a roller coaster for the first time Mothers using strong emotion words to discuss a son's bravery during a scary experience A father discussing an exciting moment at a baseball game with his daughter A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family A mother telling her son how strong he was to be able to carry his bicycle across the creek

A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family

Thinking of hierarchical categorization of words (for example, the order from general to basic to specific), which would be considered a specific-level word? Mammal Feathers Flies Bird Toucan

Toucan

Slight differences in brain development into middle childhood have led to some children with _______ showing different brain volume and continued emphasis on short-range neural communication. higher intelligence ADHD lower intelligence learning disabilities seizures

ADHD

In a lab, a child was asked to cover her eyes. When asked if her mom can still see her, the child said: "no because my eyes are closed" What is this thought process referred to as? Blind mind grouping Egocentrism Overt simplistic thinking Parent dissociative attachment Delayed processing

Egocentrism

Theory of Mind refers to which of the following? Understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts Belief that thoughts can be shared Thought process leading to long-term memory Shared learning process in group settings Egocentric viewpoints

Understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts

A group of third- and fifth-grade students were tasked with remembering a list of vocabulary words which were all new to them and unknown as they were related to playing the game croquet. Prior to testing, half of the children across both age groups were given a tutorial on how to play croquet and saw videos of the game. Which of the follow most likely happened? The third-grade children who had experience with croquet outperformed all other children on the vocabulary test. The fifth graders without croquet experience did better in learning the new vocabulary words than the fifth graders who received the tutorial. The fifth-grade children outperformed the third graders on the vocabulary test, regardless of their experience with croquet. Across both age groups, the children who received the tutorial did better on the vocabulary test than the children who did not.

Across both age groups, the children who received the tutorial did better on the vocabulary test than the children who did not.

The criteria for an ADHD diagnosis All of the above include presence of symptoms in multiple settings. include presence of symptoms prior to 12 years of age. include interference in social relationships and schoolwork. are listed in the DSM-5 manual.

All of the above

Which explains why sleep problems in early childhood may be connected to childhood obesity? Sleep problems interfere with caloric levels during waking hours. Sleep problems interfere with hormones related to growth, maturation, and energy homeostasis, which affect eating habits. Parents who are lax about their children's sleeping habits may also tend to be lax about eating or activity habits. Sleep problems interfere with activity levels during waking hours. All of the above

All of the above

To which is a child who attends public elementary school likely to be exposed at some point during the middle childhood years? Conjunctivitis Influenza Streptococcal infections Whooping cough All the above

All the above

Which example does not reflect a common overregularization in grammar? Toby was flying to Costa Rica on a plane. He asked his parents if it's scary to "flies." In school, Charles asked the teacher for a new pencil because his last one "broked." Responding to a question, Kaitlyn responded with sarcasm "I already cleaneded!" My child told her friend we "goed" to the zoo yesterday. At home, Dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone.

At home, Dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone.

Which curriculum promotes math skills with activities and stories that target children's abilities to solve problems and improve reasoning abilities? National Math Prep Academy (NMPA) Mathletes Plus (M+). Early Learning Math Consortium (ELMC). Big Math for Little Kids (BMLK) Pre-Algebra & Calculus Test Prep (PACT)

Big Math for Little Kids (BMLK)

Which of the following would be an example of a limitation in the thinking of a child at the concrete operational stage? Logical thought Taxonomic classification Deductive reasoning Centration Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning

As an infant, Sarah began to hold her head up before she was able to balance her torso. Developing the ability to hold her head up before developing the ability to balance her torso is a demonstration of what principle of growth? Cephalocaudal development Embryonic disk growth Spinal cord development Proximodistal development Cell specialization

Cephalocaudal development

What impact does socioeconomic status (SES) have in the context of language and literacy? The majority of children from low SES households naturally catch up to grade-level by age 10, so any early differences are not of concern. Children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers. Children from low SES households have fewer opportunities to read, but more opportunities to play with blocks and games than children from middle-income homes. Immigrant children often struggle because they are dual-language learners, regardless of their family's SES. Children in low SES homes are largely impacted in math and science; language is rarely an issue.

Children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers.

Wimmer and Perner (1993) created a task in which a child places an object in one cupboard and leaves the room. Then, the child's mother comes in and moves the object to another cupboard. Children between the ages of 3 and 9 are shown this scene and asked where they expect the child would look for the object upon returning to the room. Which response describes typical responses to this question? Children of all ages say the child would look for the object in its new location. Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would not remember where the object had been left and would search for it randomly, while older children say the child would look first in the new location. Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children understood the child would look in the original location. Children of all ages say the child would look

Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children understood the child would look in the original location.

Which statement best describes the connection between moral reasoning and theory of mind? Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing. The age at which children display moral reasoning skills has little association to their performance on false belief tasks. Theory of mind skills relate to a child's ability to correctly reason about their own, but not others' moral actions. Children cannot develop any form of moral reasoning until they are also able to consistently pass theory of mind related tasks. Moral reasoning skills are essential to the development of theory of mind abilities.

Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.

Which statement reflects findings on brain associations to children's performance on Piaget's tasks of conservation? Children who failed conservation tasks showed greater coordinated brain activity. Children who succeeded at higher order thinking tasks showed reduced gray matter. Children who succeeded on the tasks had more coordinated brain activity than those who failed. Most children are unsuccessful on Piagetian tasks since brain region connectivity is limited. Children showed no difference in brain activity when completing traditional conservation tasks.

Children who succeeded on the tasks had more coordinated brain activity than those who failed.

Researchers have found that theory of mind can actually help children with deception and persuasion. Which explanation best explains this connection? Children who understand theory of mind view persuasion as normative social behavior. Children increasingly attempt to get others to think like they do with age. Children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others. Children who are adept at keeping secrets are good at deception too. Children lie to avoid punishment, and theory of mind lets them figure out what punishment they might receive.

Children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others.

Conjunctions such as "when" "but" or "and" are increasingly used by children as they develop their language skills. What do these conjunctions allow children to do? Conjunctions allow children to expand their understanding of the meaning of words. Conjunctions allow for more complete and intelligible sentences. Conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses. Conjunctions make it easier for children to modify the meaning of words and thus produce more complex sentences. Conjunctions provide simple pathways for children to produce telegraphic speech.

Conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses.

Which would be expected of brain connectivity in middle childhood? Myelin sheaths thin Connections become less efficient Connections become more simplified Short-range connections increase Connections become more complex

Connections become more complex

Why might children from different cultural communities differ in executive functioning skills and abilities? Cultures different in the percentage of two-parent homes, which explains the sub- optimal skills of some children. Some experimental tasks are biased against eastern societies that conflate findings. Such differences can be attributed to varying conditions of poverty. Executive functioning tasks are only valid in the United States. Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation.

Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation.

Why might children from different cultural communities differ in executive functioning skills and abilities? Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation. Cultures different in the percentage of two-parent homes, which explains the sub- optimal skills of some children. Such differences can be attributed to varying conditions of poverty. Executive functioning tasks are only valid in the United States. Some experimental tasks are biased against eastern societies that conflate findings.

Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation.

Eva, a young girl from Peru, and Charles, a young boy from the United States, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. Which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors? Eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to Charles. Charles would be more likely to share than Eva, but only if he was from an upper-class family. Regardless of cultural orientation, Eva and Charles would share the tokens equally. Eva would only be more likely to share than Charles if she came from a middle-class family. Charles would be more likely to share his tokens equally than Eva.

Eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to Charles.

Juan, a 4-year-old preschooler, is crying loudly because a classmate took away a favorite toy of his during recess. Which coping intervention would be most effective for Juan? Hug Juan tightly and stay by his side during recess until he has calmed down. Take the toy away from the classmate and give it back to Juan. Explain to Juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others. Explain to the classmate that his actions caused Juan to cry, and he should give the toy back. Leave Juan alone because at his age it is important that he work out coping strategies himself.

Explain to Juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others.

Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the contribution of Thelen's research to the understanding of infant motor development? Early experiences have significant effects on the timing of infant motor skill development. Factors such as weight and muscle mass can impact the type of behaviors that infants display. Motor skills such as standing and walking are predominately controlled by lower centers of the brain. Cultural factors such as encouragement of early standing and walking can accelerate the timing of typical motor milestones. Newborn stepping movement provides opportunities for early practice before higher order brain centers take over and voluntary walking appears.

Factors such as weight and muscle mass can impact the type of behaviors that infants display.

Which statement is consistent with findings about gender differences in motor skills? Boys tend to be better at sports requiring balance until age 12, when girls excel over boys. Girls are likely to be better at sports requiring balance and agility than boys. Girls catch up to boys in balance and strength around age 10 or 11. Girls are less likely than boys to excel at sports requiring agility and strength. Boys tend to be better at sports requiring balance than girls.

Girls are likely to be better at sports requiring balance and agility than boys.

Which statement provides evidence of gender differences in brain development? Gray matter develops earlier in males than females in the prefrontal cortex. Gray matter in the parietal lobe and basal ganglia peak earlier in females than males. Both white and gray matter are denser in males than females. White matter develops linearly in females but not in males. Both white and gray matter are denser in females than males.

Gray matter in the parietal lobe and basal ganglia peak earlier in females than males.

According to some researchers, in the false-belief task, a key requirement is for children to remember where the original object was placed and where it was moved to. Researcher's attribute which of the following as a possible explanation for such age-related improvements? Growing skills in executive functioning Experiential learning Cultural context High parental income Growing language skills

Growing skills in executive functioning

Individuals with younger siblings are more likely to lie (O'Connor & Evans, 2018). What does this mean in terms of social-cognitive development? Parents must be the sole promoter of social-cognitive skills for this to be true. Children likely to lie can only do so if children have been exposed to mental state talk. Individuals with or without siblings will learn to lie at an early age. Only those with advanced theory-of-mind learn to lie young, regardless of siblings. Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance.

Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance.

A child is reading aloud in class. As he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. What does this suggest about the child? He is grasping pragmatic skills early on. He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness. His literacy skills are likely advanced compared to his class. Because he has to break two-syllable words down, he lacks emergent literacy skills. He is displaying reading comprehension.

He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness.

Which of the following best describes Robert Sternberg's unique contribution to the discussion of the basis for intelligence? He was against traditional tests of intelligence because they were not sensitive to domain specific intelligence. He was the first to expand the definition of intelligence to include the ability to adapt to real-world, cultural environments. He was the first person to identify of two main forms of intelligence: crystallized and fluid. He argued that model of multiple intelligences hindered the objective study of intelligence. He was the first individual to develop a standardized measure for assessing intellectual functioning in children.

He was the first to expand the definition of intelligence to include the ability to adapt to real-world, cultural environments.

Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children? Its efficacy in controlling unwanted behavior is higher in boys than girls. It is most often used among ethnic minority groups. Its effectiveness depends on the child also having a secure attachment with their parent. It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems. The American Pediatric Association states that mild corporal punishment is beneficial.

It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems.

Judy DeLoache used a scale model to hide a toy under a toy couch identical to a life-size couch in the room. A 4-year-old could find the real toy under the life-size couch after realizing the scale model was a copy of the room. According to DeLoache, why were 30-month-olds unable to find the toy in the same way? Egocentrism Lack of symbolic understanding Lack of dual representational skills The fact they are still in the preoperational stage Delayed development

Lack of dual representational skills

Which factor may contribute to the rise in obesity? Participation in nutritional programs in school Schools allowing recess and recreational activities without direct supervision Greater emphasis on organized youth sports Lack of public playgrounds and nearby parks Greater emphasis on unstructured outdoor play

Lack of public playgrounds and nearby parks

Which school activities fosters children's reasoning about the motives, beliefs, and emotions of people? Scientific experiments Vocabulary test History lessons Math problems Literary activities

Literary activities

Which of the following examples would support Myrtle McGraw's conclusion of how early environmental experiences contribute to infant motor development? Early infant experiences result in superior motor skills abilities, provided that they are maintained past childhood. Substantial early interventions into infant motor skills will overstress mental capacities, resulting in delays in reaching future milestones. Infants who are well nourished during the first year of life show greater motor skills abilities than malnourished infants. Lucy's swimming lessons as a young child would likely result in her experiencing greater coordination in such skills throughout her life. Intervention in motor skill development in one area of functioning (e.g., reaching) will spill over to other areas of motor development (e.g., walking).

Lucy's swimming lessons as a young child would likely result in her experiencing greater coordination in such skills throughout her life.

Which would best illustrate the concept of hostile attribution bias? Muave doesn't like Rachel, so she purposefully created a set of hurtful rumors about Rachel so no one would want to be friends with her. Vincent is very focused on building his toy train set and tends to react with hostility to whomever approaches and tries to talk to him. Betty purposefully positions herself so that she can trip up boys at school she secretly likes, thinking her aggressive behavior will make her seem more likable. Henry initially thought his brother Mike broke his toy plane to get back at him for winning at the arcades, but then decided it was an accident. Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant.

Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant.

A parent teaches her 2-year old to count to 5 by herself, but the child does not understand the meaning of the numbers when counting. Does this mean the child has a possible developmental delay in understanding number concepts? Yes, children should understand word quantities by this age. No, children will not learn the meaning of number words (and how they map to the items in a set) until 3.5 or even older. No, counting is rarely seen in toddlers, so this child is very precocious. Yes, at least initially, understanding how a number word maps to the number of items in a set is learned at the same time as the words themselves. No, the ability to understand number concepts develops after children learn spatial skills.

No, children will not learn the meaning of number words (and how they map to the items in a set) until 3.5 or even older.

A study by Corriveau and Harris (2009) found 3-year-olds preferred to side with family members (familiarity) in an object-naming experiment, even if the family member was wrong. Comparatively, older children as young as 4 were more willing to disagree with familiar caregivers and favored someone who provided accurate information to them. What could explain this phenomenon? Toddlers have yet to develop trustworthiness issues. Toddlers are encouraged and expected to agree with parents. Younger children have not developed object permanence. Older children can weigh reliability against familiarity Older children understand that their own knowledge is more reliable.

Older children can weigh reliability against familiarity

Why might the impression of young teens as being impulsive and poor planners have some merit? The parietal lobe develops slower than other areas of the brain. The myelin sheaths around axons are not developed at this time. Young teens have decreased white matter when compared to later adolescence. The communication between hemispheres does not improve until early adulthood. One of the last areas of the brain to develop is the prefrontal cortex.

One of the last areas of the brain to develop is the prefrontal cortex.

A group of 3-year-old and 5-year-old children were shown a picture book of a boy who rescued a bird that had broken its wing. When the bird's wing healed, the boy sadly said goodbye to his new friend and released it into the wild. How did each age group likely interpret the emotional state of the boy in the story? The 5-year-olds identified the boy as being sad, but the 3-year-olds said he was happy. Both 3- and 5-year-old children understood why the boy was happy, but not sad. Both age groups understood the boy was both happy and sad about releasing the bird. Only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions. Both 3- and 5-year-old children understood why the boy was sad, but not happy.

Only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions.

_______ predicts preschoolers' theory-of-mind performance. Niche for deception Cultural region Parental sensitivity Sibling rivalry IQ score

Parental sensitivity

Wellman and colleagues (2001) analyzed cultural data on theory of mind. What did they find about social-cognitive development in different cultures? Patterns of development differ from culture to culture, though patterns are similar for cultures with similar levels of economic development. Patterns of development differ significantly from culture to culture. Patterns in development are very similar across all cultures. Patterns of development are similar among cultures in the same region but not across regions. It proved impossible to compare patterns in different cultures because similar tasks could not be used in all cultures.

Patterns in development are very similar across all cultures.

Ashton has a hard time learning the alphabet and is behind the class. The teacher notices Ashton also has no supplies for school and wears the same outfit repeatedly. What conclusion could be drawn from this connection? Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn. Ashton doesn't care about school. Ashton is the victim of bad parenting practices. This is typical behavior and challenges that children face at this age. Memory improves with age and Ashton will be fine one day.

Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn.

What factor contributes to children's improvements in phonology? Practice talking and muscle coordination Natural phonological error detection decreases Speech-sound development Advanced prekindergarten programs Parenting help and scaffolding of proper pronunciation

Practice talking and muscle coordination

A child is upset because she wants to go to sleep but the sun won't "turn off" because the time is 8:30 and that is her bedtime. How would Piaget explain this thought process? Metacognition Time inclusion problem Time-error fallacy Precausal thinking Lack of time conservation

Precausal thinking

Which of the following is not a sign of food insecurity? Cutting the size of meals or skip meals because of a lack of money for food Passing on more expensive foods for less expensive foods that do not provide balanced meals Being unable to purchase enough food to last until they can buy more Experiencing weight loss because of not having enough money for food Refusal to apply for supplemental nutritional program

Refusal to apply for supplemental nutritional program

What strategy might children use to help recall a series of numbers or facts? Mental organization Stroop tasking Working memory practice Rehearsal Target planning

Rehearsal

When given the multiplication problem "What is 3 x 5?" Aiden thinks to himself that 5 + 5 + 5 is equal to 15, therefore 3 x 5 is 15. Which mathematical strategy is Aiden employing? Mathematical equality Relative magnitude Diagraming method Repeated addition Graphic organization

Repeated addition

Which has been a successful school-based intervention to promote good health and nutrition? Monitored school vending machine programs Increasing the amount of class time devoted to teaching health education School breakfast programs Decreasing organized youth sports after school to allow for more free-play time Eliminating school lunch program in suburban and affluent schools

School breakfast programs

A 6-year-old child who is visiting a restaurant expects a waiter to bring over a menu, describe the specials, take orders, and then serve food. What does this understanding reflect? Consolidation and executive functioning Advanced semantic memory skills Working memory Scripts and semantic memory Episodic memories

Scripts and semantic memory

Four-year-old Shane and his 2-year-old sister Carlise are both participants in the marshmallow task. Before the experimenter left, he tells them they must wait five minutes before they will be allowed to eat the marshmallow. Which is the most likely outcome? Shane and Carlise both get angry about having to wait for the marshmallow. Shane and Carlise distract each other from eating the marshmallow. Both children immediately eat their marshmallows. Both children easily manage to wait the five minutes. Shane engages in a distraction coping strategy, while Carlise eats the marshmallow right away.

Shane engages in a distraction coping strategy, while Carlise eats the marshmallow right away.

Which would be an example of an internalizing problem in a young child? Sitting away from others during lunch and looking sad Choosing to sit alone and color during a free period Frequently getting out their seat to talk to classmates rather than focusing on work Throwing a temper tantrums and grabbing things from others. Angrily confronting another child during recess and pushing the child to the ground

Sitting away from others during lunch and looking sad

Which statement about children and sleep is true? Sleep requirements vary from child to child, so adequate sleep is difficult to measure. Children and teenagers are fairly flexible in their adaptation to hours of sleep, so less sleep has minimal impact. Adults are more emotional than children when sleep-deprived. As long as children receive good nutrition, less sleep is will have little impact. Sleep-deprived children are highly affected by a lack of sleep and may have problems controlling behaviors.

Sleep-deprived children are highly affected by a lack of sleep and may have problems controlling behaviors.

Why might it be difficult to convince some families that having an overweight child negatively impacts their child's health? Some cultures believe that having a thin child is a sign of poverty, but an overweight child indicates having the resources to feed the child well. Being slightly overweight is actually healthy at this age. Families believe they know more than medical professionals. Weight during childhood is not important to most families. Some cultures believe that a child is the most knowledgeable about the amount and type of food their body needs.

Some cultures believe that having a thin child is a sign of poverty, but an overweight child indicates having the resources to feed the child well.

Why is synchronized brain wave activity important? Synchronized areas of the brain develop densely populated white matter. Synchronized brain waves result in faster development of the prefrontal cortex. Synchronized areas of the brain are needed in progressively more complex learning tasks. Synchronized areas of the brain prevent cognitive delays. Synchronized brain waves indicate growth of the cortex.

Synchronized areas of the brain are needed in progressively more complex learning tasks.

Which statement best captures school influences on children's social-cognitive development? Teachers expose children to mental state talk, which promotes theory of mind understanding. Home factors, rather than school factors, influence children's theory of mind. Schooling doesn't matter in early childhood, as children struggle to understand the motives of others until late childhood. School context surpasses cultural and family contexts in the area of theory of mind, as school is where children encounter peers with different opinions. Children can advance their understanding of persuasion with practice.

Teachers expose children to mental state talk, which promotes theory of mind understanding.

Which statement best reflects accurate information about children's sleep during middle childhood? The "optimal" amount of sleep appears to differ across cultures. Children's sleep patterns appear to remain consistent throughout childhood and adolescence. The quality of sleep steadily improves throughout middle childhood. The "optimal" amount of sleep in middle childhood is greater than any other time in the lifespan. The amount of sleep children need appears to be consistent across all cultures.

The "optimal" amount of sleep appears to differ across cultures.

In an experiment, Chinese- and American-born preschoolers are told they can earn tokens for prizes for each math problem they complete. The children are given a choice to either spend their tokens as they earn them for smaller prizes or save the tokens until the end to receive a bigger prize. Which is the most likely outcome of this experiment? The American children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize. The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize. All the children spend some tokens for small prizes, but save the rest for a bigger prize. The children spend their tokens as they earn them to get as many prizes as possible. The children don't care about spending tokens, only completing the math problems.

The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.

All of the statements about preschool education are true except Preschool has been found to produce gains equal to several months of additional learning beyond what children would have achieved without early childhood education. Teacher quality can significantly affect cognitive gains children achieve in preschool. The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment. Well-designed preschool programs can help overcome language development disparities in dual-language learning students. Well-designed curricula can improve children's skills in literacy and mathematics.

The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment.

Which is a potential consequence of bullying through social media? Bullies are easily identified. The consequences are more widespread and difficult to stop than "live" incidences of bullying or teasing. Social media has safeguards in place that prevent children younger than 18 from being bullied or victimized. The victim is less likely to mention the incident than when experiencing in-person teasing and bullying. Bullies cannot hide from the victim or others.

The consequences are more widespread and difficult to stop than "live" incidences of bullying or teasing.

Which statement about food insecurity is true? The southwestern U.S. has the highest percentage of children experiencing food insecurity. Food insecurity is more common in suburban areas than rural areas. The highest percentage of food insecure households are in rural areas. Food insecurity can be found equally across all states, regions, races, and ethnicities. Black and Hispanic children are nearly 20 times more likely to experience food insecurity than other households.

The highest percentage of food insecure households are in rural areas.

Cultural practices around reading and storytelling differ by community. Which cultural-specific example is true? U.S. mothers with European American background view storytelling similarly to Chinese mothers as a vehicle to teach good behavior, even though the behaviors they teach may differ in content. European American middle-income families rely on patriarchs to share stories and adventures. Reading and storytelling are rarely seen in cultures outside the United States, and so the emphasis on this form of interaction is highly cultural. The strategy documented in European American middle-income families in the United States (actively involving children in the creation of stories through questioning and active participation) is not emphasized in Latinx, Chinese and other cultural communities where parents are more likely to control the story Personal traits, characteristics, and emotions are deeply expressed among C

The strategy documented in European American middle-income families in the United States (actively involving children in the creation of stories through questioning and active participation) is not emphasized in Latinx, Chinese and other cultural communities where parents are more likely to control the story

Mr. Keene was told that he would be receiving a new student in his classroom who generally struggled with reading assignments, and typically scored low on tests of reading comprehension. According to the Pygmalion effect, which of the following would most likely occur? Mr. Keene would be more likely to give the new student extra support that would lead to stronger performance over time, eventually reversing the student's reading struggles. Mr. Keene would likely ignore the new student as they would benefit more from peer support. The student is likely to excel in reading once placed in a new learning environment. The student would initially experience low achievement, but over time would increase in achievement in the new classroom. The student would eventually show reduced motivation and achievement in reading in Mr. Keene's classroom.

The student would eventually show reduced motivation and achievement in reading in Mr. Keene's classroom.

Both Harlow and Bowlby's work help us better understand attachment. Which accurately reflects their research? They both examined the cultural components of attachment to understand how infants adapt to environmental demands. Harlow focused on human research implications whereas Bowlby focused on evidence from animal studies. Bowlby focused on the gradual formation of the attachment relationship whereas Harlow believed it was more immediate. The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment. They both advanced a constructivist view of attachment.

The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment.

In order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, Dr. Berko created which test? Grammar Syntax survey Grammar Identification Test (GIT-IV) Plural formation test The wug test Berko Grammar exam

The wug test

One hypothesis on children's growing theory of mind is that with development, children modify their reasoning about the causes of behaviors in themselves and others. What is this explanation called? Logical thinking Shared experiences Hide-and-seek Theory-theory Executive functioning

Theory-theory

What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity? They apply the same gendered pronoun to everyone They seek out comfort from mother if a girl, but comfort from father if a boy They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys They act rough toward peers if a boy but gentle if a girl They talk with their parents about the meaning of gender in their friendships

They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys

Infants were initially habituated to the category "vehicles" by being shown images of different cars and trucks. Following this, they were shown a picture of a school bus next to a picture of an apple. Based on your knowledge of how infants form categories for different objects, which of the following statements would best illustrate how infants would respond? They would look more at the school bus relative to the apple because it does not look like the cars and trucks they had seen before. They would look less at the school bus compared to the apple, having grouped the bus as a type of vehicle. They would look less at the school bus relative to the apple because it does not look like the cars and trucks they encountered before. They would look more at the school bus relative to the apple because they would recognize it as being part of the vehicle category.

They would look less at the school bus compared to the apple, having grouped the bus as a type of vehicle.

Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents? This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year. This is normal as he is now developing basic emotions and is able to express them. Expression of anger is one way Samuel's temperament starting to appear. Anger typically decreases in the toddler years, so be patient. Expressions of anger at this age may be a sign of poor emotion regulation

This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year.

Which is not an example of a fine motor skill in middle childhood? Braiding a friend's hair Throwing a ball Tying a shoe Writing with a pencil Buttoning a shirt

Throwing a ball

Which provides an example of a common gross motor skill in childhood? All of the above Throwing a ball Typing on a keyboard Cutting with scissors Tying Shoes

Throwing a ball

A care center teaches preschool-aged children executive function skills such as improved memory, self-control, and attention. One reading task requires turn-taking. Selena holds a card with an ear because it is her turn to listen. Maria holds the card with a mouth because it is her turn to read the story. This inhibitory control task is part of which curriculum? Sunnyside Care Program of Atlanta Family-training curriculum National Association for the Education of Young Children Baby Einstein. Tools of the Mind curriculum.

Tools of the Mind curriculum.

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to being able to sit up unaided. voluntary lying down and sitting skills. approaching, grasping, and releasing objects. evidence of rolling and crawling. early walking abilities.

approaching, grasping, and releasing objects.

Some of the advances in middle childhood friendships include an emphasis on unobservable qualities such as loyalty. less gender-stereotyped influences on friendships. decreased emphasis on prosocial behavior in friendship building. greater emphasis on similar interests. less emphasis on gender, race, and ethnicity.

an emphasis on unobservable qualities such as loyalty.

Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to socialize children to have a greater understanding of subtle emotional contexts. are more likely to reflect intensely of their own mental states. struggle to socialize children from their culture. are more likely to talk about emotional states of self and other. are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the legs. torso. neck. arms. hips.

arms.

The most common serious chronic disease is asthma. cystic fibrosis. hepatitis. muscular dystrophy. influenza.

asthma.

The parenting style most often linked with positive child development is authoritative. authoritarian. permissive. commanding. dismissive.

authoritative.

If researchers want to examine changes in brain connectivity from childhood through adolescence, they would most likely be using MRI scans. brain network analyses using fMRI. central nervous system imaging. PET scans. functional lobe analyses.

brain network analyses using fMRI.

When Jamal came home with a C- grade on his first science test, his parents noted the importance of the fact that he had studied hard and put a lot of efforts at tackling a difficult subject. As a result, Jamal is likely to be motivated to study hard for the next exam. accept that the grade reflects his natural ability in science. engage in minimal effort to do well in other subjects. be less motivated to study further because his performance is adequate. be discouraged because of his parents' praise of a low grade.

be motivated to study hard for the next exam.

Synaptogenesis begins prenatally and is especially rapid after the first year. before adolescence. before and after birth. before a child's third birthday. after three years of age.

before and after birth.

When Bridgette was three years old, she could count to 10 with a little help, and name some basic colors. Now at 5 years of age, she can count to 100, knows all the colors of the rainbow, and can recite the entire alphabet. Bridgette has expanded her _______ intelligence. real-world spatial fluid practical crystallized

crystallized

Although Yumi was born in America, her favorite memories are her parents taking her to the annual Asian Festival and making delicious Japanese delicacies during traditional holidays while her grandparents share exciting stories about their lives in Japan. According to Diane Hughes, these experiences would be an example of promotion of mistrust. egalitarianism. implicit bias. cultural socialization. ethnocentric.

cultural socialization.

While language skills are essential for social competence, a high degree of verbal sophistication can sometimes lead to negative behaviors. For example, children with high language skills often misapprehend the intentions of others. often have low theory of mind scores. can be adept at relational aggression. tend to have poor emotional control. can be intolerant of children with lower skill levels.

can be adept at relational aggression.

Most research on peer acceptance/rejection in middle childhood is discovered through school records. parental report. behavior analysis and peer group analysis. child reports and peer assessments. teacher report.

child reports and peer assessments.

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, gender identification in young children is ultimately resolved by learning to imitate the behaviors modeled by their peers to avoid social ridicule. consistent parental communication and guidance towards gender-appropriate behavior. children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings. the child identifying as a boy or girl and seeking out experiences consistent with their gender. the school age years, when language abilities permit conversations about gender.

children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings.

Research on attachment during middle childhood has found that parents make efforts to increase their emotional support of children to promote secure attachment. children with insecure attachments in early childhood are more likely to have secure attachments in middle childhood. children feel more distanced from the same sex-parent than they did in early childhood. children with secure attachments in early childhood may have more difficulty moving toward independence in middle childhood due to their closeness with parents. children maintain a level of closeness with parents despite their decrease in reliance on them for support.

children maintain a level of closeness with parents despite their decrease in reliance on them for support.

The causal connection between violent media and aggression remains unclear because parents who allow their children to watch violent television do so under strict parental supervision. the relationship between violent media and aggression is only apparent among boys, not girls. children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior. there has not been enough research conducted on violent programming and aggression in children. high levels of aggression and violent media consumption only co-occur in low SES-households, limiting the populations that can be studied.

children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior.

Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because they are neurologically more oriented to sweeter foods because of their resemblance to mothers' milk. parents tend to not be too strict in controlling young children's eating behaviors compared to controlling older children. young children lack the ability to understand the rules associated with delay-of-gratification tasks. children's impulsive "hot" system in the brain tends to override the more rational "cool" system in the brain. although the inhibitory system of the pre-frontal cortex has developed, children do not yet call on strategies of inhibition.

children's impulsive "hot" system in the brain tends to override the more rational "cool" system in the brain.

Sarah is playing a game on a computer. Level 1 required her to match a set of objects together that were the same color, but to pass Level 2, she was required to match objects together by shape. This game is testing Sarah's selective attention. planning behavior. effortful control. theory of mind. cognitive flexibility.

cognitive flexibility.

If a test of intelligence contains questions that are solvable by some children because they are familiar with the concepts being tested but not solvable by children who are not familiar with the concepts being tested, then the intelligence test may have a problem with _______ bias. psychometric content-validity reliability-validity face-validity predictive-validity

content-validity

Jayah is well liked by some of his classmates but many find him very annoying. He is likely to fall in the _______ peer status category. popular rejected controversial antisocial neglected

controversial

After being read the story of the Heinz Dilemma, Karen was asked whether Heinz was right in breaking into the pharmacists' store to steal the drug for his wife. Karen responded, "Yes, Heinz should have stolen the drug, because it is the role of the husband to protect and save his wife." Karen's response best reflects a _______ of moral reasoning post-conventional level constructive level conventional level preconceptual level pre-conventional level

conventional level

Mrs. Majors decides to help facilitate her students' learning abilities by creating small groups of students with different reading skills. Her intention is that the stronger readers will help support and mentor the students with weaker reading skills. This form of instruction is called cooperative learning. whole-group instruction. independent practice. writing seminars. mentored instruction.

cooperative learning.

Much of what is known about experience-dependent plasticity is a result of correlational studies of children in various home environments. experimental studies with adopted children and families. brain imaging research in large-scale, controlled-experiments. correlational studies exclusively in rats. experimental studies with twins.

correlational studies of children in various home environments.

Three-year-old Tina enjoys having pretend-play time with her older sister. Three-year-old Marcelle, on the other hand, does not have a sibling close in age and often plays by herself. Compared to Marcelle, Tina is more likely to show anxiety when left alone in a room. be at higher risk for externalizing and internalizing problems. engage in more aggressive behaviors with peers. be less comfortable playing by herself. develop an earlier understanding of false-belief.

develop an earlier understanding of false-belief.

At a young age, children begin to show the ability to differentiate between positive and negative emotions, showing an understanding of emotional intelligence. objectivity. valence. mindfulness. intuition.

valence.

Carol watches as her father rolls up a long "snake" of playdoh into a large ball, exclaiming, "Daddy, that's like magic! There's more clay in it now than before!" Carol has clearly not yet reached the ability to engage in egocentrism. decentration. assimilation. magical thinking. object permanence.

decentration.

Participation in organized sports is associated with lower rates of aggression in middle childhood. higher rates of social and behavioral issues. decreased anxiety and depression. higher rates of aggression in middle childhood. increased anxiety and depression.

decreased anxiety and depression.

All of the following support environment influences on intellectual development except increases in intelligence after children are adopted out of institutions. changes to intelligence when individuals' life circumstances change. associations between intelligence and the quality of the home environment. changes to intelligence over historical time. decreased intelligence in children who display high media consumption.

decreased intelligence in children who display high media consumption.

Mischel and Mischel's (1987) famous marshmallow task, in which children were given a choice to either eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for the chance to get a second marshmallow, represents a type of _______, which measures children's ability to forgo an immediate, smaller reward for a larger reward later. opportunity-reward test inhibition-reward paradigm psychological limits assessment delay of gratification task emotional control task

delay of gratification task

Jose must learn 10 new vocabulary words before he is allowed to play with his new computer game. The extent to which Jose can focus on his studying and not be distracted by thinking of the new computer game would be an indication of his effortful control. intelligence. social skills. emotional valence. attachment style.

effortful control.

Alice has been diagnosed with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), as she was exposed to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero. As a child, Alice is likely to have difficulty conceiving a child as an adult. prefer to socialize with boys, as opposed to girls. be more likely to identify as a boy later in life. be more likely to think of herself as a boy. engage in more masculine play based behavior.

engage in more masculine play based behavior.

As children age, the _______ component of their autobiographical memory shows large gains in development. fluid emotional episodic metacognitive semantic

episodic

6-year-olds Rick and Cathy were introduced to a computer game where they scored points for matching objects that were similar in shape and color and moving them to specific locations on a chessboard. While Cathy initially struggled with how to play the game, Rick was quick to understand and implement the game rules and scored a lot of points. Compared to Cathy, Rick most likely has higher _______ intelligence. concrete fluid crystallized verbal general

fluid

Findings from the Swedish study where researchers varied the amount of physical activity in schools indicates gains in motor development were more pronounced for males more than females. gains in motor development persisted, even into adolescence. no significant differences occurred when additional physical activity was added to the school day. gains in motor development were most pronounced in early childhood, but made little impact by the early teen years. gains in motor development were only seen for children from physically active families.

gains in motor development persisted, even into adolescence.

Gina's parents consistently encourage her to play with her new toy doll rather than playing with trucks with her brother. This would be an example of parental punishment. positive reinforcement. gendered parenting. authoritarian parenting. sex-based interactions.

gendered parenting.

In the beginning of middle childhood boys have greater muscle mass and are slightly taller than girls. girls weigh more and are slightly heavier than boys. boys and girls are approximately equal in height and weight at this time. boys and girls weigh the same, but boys are slightly shorter than girls. girls weigh less and are slightly shorter than boys.

girls weigh less and are slightly shorter than boys.

Isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. Upon opening the box, Isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. Based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect Isolde to give bigger cookies to friends and smaller ones to nonfriends. distribute the cookies equally across everyone in the class. share the cookies only with children she did not know. give only the smaller cookies to other children. let the children choose which cookie they wanted.

give bigger cookies to friends and smaller ones to nonfriends.

As children acquire language skills during early childhood, they display impressive expansion in their vocabularies, which best reflects growth in morpho-syntax. growth in semantic networks. phonological clause development. general world memorization. a vocabulary spurt.

growth in semantic networks.

As children acquire language skills during early childhood, they display impressive expansion in their vocabularies, which best reflects growth in morpho-syntax. phonological clause development. general world memorization. a vocabulary spurt. growth in semantic networks.

growth in semantic networks.

Peter is 9, and still has trouble with schoolwork and everyday tasks like learning to clean his room, dress himself and write his name. Peter would most likely be classified as having lack of motivation. behaviorally noncompliant. suffering from poverty. having a physical disability. having an intellectual disability.

having an intellectual disability.

Ainsley has difficulty tolerating new social situations and tends to react fearfully when asked to try something new. It is likely that Ainsley has a _______ temperament. overly regulated highly inhibited well regulated adversely motivated under controlled

highly inhibited

Kevin and his sister Molly were eating popsicles on their front porch. Kevin ate his quicker than Molly did and, deciding he wanted more, grabbed hers and ate it as well. Freud would say that Kevin's behavior was largely driven by his anger. super ego. biases. id. ego.

id.

The intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet originally sought to describe variations in children who were excelling academically. provide a culturally-sensitive method of identifying intellectual functioning. identify children with unusual academic potential. measure the intellectual functioning of children without verbal skills. identify children who were having difficulties in mainstream classrooms.

identify children who were having difficulties in mainstream classrooms.

From childhood through adolescence, there is a(n) _______ of white matter and a(n) _______ of gray matter. decreased density; decreased functioning decrease; increase increase; decrease equal amount; increased amount increased density; increased functioning

increase; decrease

Manuel noticed his daughter is showing a talent for critical thinking and writing, but believes that her skills in those areas can only improve with practice, so he is careful to provide her a good education, lots of reading materials, and engages her in critical discussion over the dinner table. Manuel's perspective of intelligence would reflect a(n) multi-genetic theory of intelligence. incremental theory of intelligence. entity theory of intelligence. natural intelligence. context-dependent theory of intelligence.

incremental theory of intelligence.

The spread or variability among children in various aspects of development is called rates of change. quantitative change. developmental onset. emergent skills. individual differences.

individual differences.

One explanation advanced for the "attractiveness effect" in infants is that infants do not show any preference for attractive faces the way that adults do because they prefer faces that are familiar to them, attractive or not. young infants prefer to look at all faces, but as they get older, they begin to prefer attractive faces as they are exposed increasingly to screens with attractive faces. infants prefer "attractive" faces as they resemble the "prototype" face that would result from averaging many faces. infants look longer at their mothers' rather than a strangers' face, as they find such familiar faces to be attractive. infants prefer to look at faces that match their own skin tone and consider those to be attractive.

infants prefer "attractive" faces as they resemble the "prototype" face that would result from averaging many faces.

A researcher watches from a one-way mirror as a young child, who had been separated from her mother for five minutes, is reunited. The researcher notes that the child seems to avoid eye contact with her mother and prefers to play alone. Based on these observations, the researcher might be likely to classify the child as secure-confident. insecure-resistant. securely attached. insecure-disorganized. insecure avoidant.

insecure avoidant.

Rachel gets a lot of joy from building and racing cars made from scraps of wood and metal she finds in her fathers' workshop and spends hours reading books and learning new techniques to make her cars move faster. Rachel's car hobby would be considered naturally validating. intrinsically motivating. self-determining. extrinsically motivating. gender inappropriate.

intrinsically motivating.

Auli'i lives with his family in a rural village in Papua New Guinea. Although he has started to go to school and has learned a little reading and writing, his main forms of instruction are watching his father and older brothers build animal traps and spears and arrows for hunting. His careful attention to their work, known as _______, will ensure he will be able to provide for himself and his family in the future. keen observational learning cultural heritage learning survival modeling techniques familial processing effect age-contingent cultural learning

keen observational learning

A group of children who typically enjoyed drawing and painting were told that they could earn tokens if they drew and painted pictures of the researcher. They would earn 5 tokens per piece they produced. Over time, the children who created pieces of art for tokens increased their creativity to earn more tokens. lost interest in drawing and painting pictures. became more proficient in their drawing skills. become even more interested in drawing and painting. saw the activity as more intrinsically rewarding.

lost interest in drawing and painting pictures.

High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from divorced families. high-income families. middle-income families. single-parent homes. low-income families.

low-income families.

A common gender stereotype that children are exposed to in the media is more programming aimed at females more than males. boys playing a supportive role and less likely to be positive moral characters. males playing the main characters in children's programming. boys being praised for lower levels of aggression. girls being more aggressive than boys.

males playing the main characters in children's programming.

Growing rates of obesity have been documented in high-resourced countries, while rates are declining in low-resourced countries. many countries around the world, including less-resourced countries. less-resourced countries, while rates are declining in high-resourced countries. the United States more than in any other country. the western hemisphere exclusively.

many countries around the world, including less-resourced countries.

Ophelia knows that spelling is not her best subject in school, but that constantly writing and re-writing the words makes her more confident about spelling them. Ophelia's awareness of her spelling limitations is an example of working memory. metacognition. predictive ability. fluid intelligence. egocentrism.

metacognition.

An important parenting behavior associated with reduced risk of child problem behaviors is distancing. monitoring. authoritarian parenting permissive parenting. advocating.

monitoring.

A sleep problem in which children experience frequent bed wetting is known as night-time encopresis disorder. nocturnal systematic elimination. nocturnal bladder dysfunction. diuretic encopresis. nocturnal enuresis.

nocturnal enuresis.

Piaget's research into the moral development of young children led him to conclude that a major distinction between younger and older children's understanding of moral behavior was that older children focused more on outcomes when judging the severity of a transgression. younger children favored stricter punishments more than did older children. older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression. younger children were more likely to consider intentions when judging a transgression. older children more often endorsed harsh punishments compared to younger children.

older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression.

The combination of early behavior problems and _______ appear to be especially detrimental to long-term outcomes. withdrawal peer rejection anxiety depression aggression

peer rejection

Maria lives in a small rural village where she works with her father tending their local produce cart. Although she received very little formal schooling related to math, she participates actively at pricing her merchandise, adding up purchase orders, and giving correct change. If Maria were to take a formal test in mathematics common to the math problems at school, she would likely perform poorly on a test of formal mathematical knowledge, although her practical math skills are developed for the areas of her experience. perform as well as a child with formal training, given her areas of experience with everyday math in the village. would have difficulty with addition but not subtraction, given the types of activities required in her everyday math experiences. would have difficulty with addition but not subtraction, given the types of activities required in her everyday math experiences.

perform poorly on a test of formal mathematical knowledge, although her practical math skills are developed for the areas of her experience.

When Tilla won her class math contest, her mother responded, "Wow Tilla, you're so smart!" This type of response, known as _______, can have implications for a child's future motivation and performance. cognitive appraisal process praise person praise parental insight fixed-performance assessment

person praise

Yvette's mother sits with her as she tries to read her favorite book out loud. When they read the word "tree," Yvette's mother says, "Let's sound this out— 't-r-ee.' 'Tree.'" This approach to learning to read is known as the _______ approach. outside-in whole language auditory interpretation semantic awareness phonics

phonics

Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will encourage her brother to play with her doll, too so he can be praised as well. play with her doll because of her parents' praise. consider both her parents' reactions and her own preferences when playing. choose to play with trucks because that is what she prefers to do. continue engaging in play both with her doll and truck.

play with her doll because of her parents' praise.

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences included all the following types as forms of intelligence except _______ intelligence. spatial practical musical mathematical linguistic

practical

Children's expanding understanding of norms around language use (for example, knowing how much to talk, when to talk) is referred to as conversation skills. phonology. emergent literacy. semantics. pragmatics.

pragmatics.

Dr. Formatte is administering a test of creativity to a group of 6-year-old children. If the scores on these tests have been found to forecast later performance on activities such as music abilities, drawing or problem solving, the test likely has shown good predictive validity. internal consistency. face validity. reliability. test objectivity.

predictive validity.

Terrell and Astrid are working together building a sandcastle at the beach. They take turns carrying the empty pail to gather sand and collect water and discuss how best to build their sandcastle. Later, Terrell shares his cookies with Astrid, and she gives him have half her sandwich. These children are engaging in parallel play. prosocial behaviors. reciprocity norms. solitary play. competitive play.

prosocial behaviors.

Veronica ran up to her mother and said "where dad goed"? Her mother replied: "where did dad go?" this correction is known as a(n) recast. syntax. dialogue. expansion. fostered correction.

recast.

Lisa had always been told she was very smart in areas related to reading skills and reading comprehension, and she labels herself as innately smart. She had little difficulty reading or understanding the books she was assigned to in class. However, when she moved from the third to the fourth grade, Lisa found the new reading assignments to be very challenging. As a result, Lisa is likely to ask her teacher for help in learning to read difficult words to ensure she continues her high reading performance. choose difficult books to read so that she can improve her performance and challenge herself. ask a peer for help in learning to read the harder books. reduce her effort, interest, and investment in reading the challenging material. believe that with effort, her reading could continue to improve.

reduce her effort, interest, and investment in reading the challenging material.

The negative impact of poverty on brain development includes decrease in the size of the brain stem. increased brain density. increased functioning of prefrontal cortex and decreased functioning of temporal lobe. increase in size of the cerebral cortex. reduced gray matter and white matter.

reduced gray matter and white matter.

Ophelia is studying for her spelling test and is repeatedly spelling out loud the words to herself. This studying method would be an example of elaboration. rehearsal. chunking. phonetics. inference.

rehearsal.

In Henry's neighborhood, corporal punishment is an accepted, normative practice for controlling unwanted behavior. As a result, it is likely that Henry may do all the following except escalate his aggression towards others over time. make friends with children who share the same experiences as he does. strengthen his positive attitudes towards corporal punishment over time. be more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors. reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice.

reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice.

Two types of rejected children according to sociometric measures are rejected-controversial and rejected-prosocial. rejected-withdrawn and rejected-aggressive. rejected-popular and rejected-antisocial. rejected-social and rejected-antisocial. rejected-aggressive and rejected-antisocial.

rejected-withdrawn and rejected-aggressive.

Brittany didn't want Alice joining in her favorite game of tag, so she told all her friends that Alice wasn't a good runner, and shouldn't be allowed in the group. Brittany's behavior would be a good example of hostile aggression. relational aggression. play-based aggression. instrumental aggression. gendered aggression.

relational aggression.

Dr. Formatte is administering a test of creativity to a group of 6-year-old children. If the scores on these tests are about the same each time, he administers them to the same participants. We would say the test likely has good predictive validity. face validity. test objectivity. internal consistency. reliability.

reliability.

Research in brain growth and functioning has led to greater understanding of why some children are _______, while others suffer great harm under adverse environmental conditions. expectant neuro-typical resilient sensitive experience-expectant

resilient

Families can best encourage good eating habits and help prevent obesity by using snack foods like cookies and chips as a reward for good eating habits during meals. getting take-out meals to be eaten together as a family. controlling a child's intake by banning eating any sugary or salty foods at all. selecting and eating healthy foods with the child. persistent calorie counting of a child's consumption to ensure control over intake.

selecting and eating healthy foods with the child.

Roger is learning to complete word-based math problems. To successfully complete them, Roger must decide which pieces of information are relevant, and which are not. This would require him to employ systematic planning. transitive inference. selective attention. cognitive flexibility. formal operations.

selective attention.

Stable posture affects all of the following except the ability to walk upright. the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects. the infant's ability to lean forward to grasp a toy. the coordination of different muscle groups to maintain a steady seated position. what an infant sees, touches, and the actions they engage in.

the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects.

Five-year-old Mandy was read a story about a boy who ordered a kids' meal at his favorite restaurant because it came with a small prize. However, when he got his meal, he did not get a prize. When asked how the boy in the story felt after not getting a prize, Mandy likely said that the boy was happy because he didn't get a prize. she didn't understand or know how the boy felt. the boy didn't care anymore about getting a prize. the boy likely felt sad because he didn't get a prize. the boy was embarrassed about not having a prize.

the boy likely felt sad because he didn't get a prize.

Jane is concerned that her 12-year-old son is starting to experience leg pains. The doctor reassures Jane that this is common and is likely due to the decrease in muscle mass and increase in fatty tissue at this age. his increased activity level at this age. the surge in muscle mass at this age. his gender and age. the weight gain experienced at this age.

the surge in muscle mass at this age.

Marcus thinks he can now ride one of the fun-looking roller coasters at the carnival, but his younger sister cannot, because last year his best friend Christopher could ride it, and this year Marcus is taller than his friend, but his sister is shorter. Marcus is displaying the ability to engage in decentration. tasks of conservation. transitive inference. formal operations. inductive reasoning.

transitive inference.