Chapter 9

At what age does a child typically begin to show mastery of the following motor skill: hammering, pasting, tying shoes, and fastening clothes

6 years

Appropriate age of administration for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV).

6-16 years

At what age does a child typically begin to show mastery of the following motor skill: writing with a pencil rather than a crayon, and printing smaller letters

7 years

At what age does a child typically begin to show mastery of the following motor skill: writing in cursive as opposed to printing

8-10 years

A little more than half of U.S. students with disabilities spend more than ___ of the school day in a general classroom.

80%

Children are put in the overweight category if their body mass index falls at or above the ___ percentile.

95th (97 or above is obese)

The current consensus is that autism is a brain dysfunction characterized by abnormalities in which of the following?

Brain weight -Neurotransmitters -The connectivity between brain regions -Brain structure

___ is a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind.

Brainstorming

Research has found that ___ is a better predictor of school readiness than ___.

Executive functioning; general IQ

True or false: The process of categorizing becomes easier as children's vocabulary increases from 14,000 words at the age of 6 to about 40,000 words at the age of 11.

True

Young children have an ___ evaluation of their memory abilities,

Unrealistic

___-term memory increases during early and middle childhood until approximately age 7.

Short

What are some classroom techniques that appear to benefit children with autism?

-Structure -Small-group work Large-group work -Individualized instruction

Which of the following are physical change that occur during middle and late childhood?

-An increase in the size of skeletal and muscular systems Fast and inconsistent growth A decrease in the size of skeletal and muscular systems -Slow and consistent growth

Which of the following services are mandated by IDEA (the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)?

-Appropriate education -Education in the least restrictive environment Specialized classrooms for children with disabilities Funding for separate schools for children with disabilities -Evaluation and eligibility determination

Which of the following statements regarding autistic disorder and Asperger syndrome are true?

-Asperger syndrome is on the mild range of the autism spectrum, whereas autistic disorder is on the severe range. Asperger syndrome is mainly identified by difficulties in verbal language. -Autistic disorder includes abnormalities in communication and stereotyped patterns of behavior. -Children with Asperger syndrome frequently engage in obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations with a particular subject. Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with autistic disorder, and boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Asperger syndrome.

According to a recent review of the research on early interventions, which early interventions have been shown to be effective in increasing a child's IQ?

-Attendance in high-quality center-based child care programs -Providing education to low-income parents on how to communicate with their children Enrolling students in early intervention programs that end before elementary school rather than continue through elementary school

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

-Children's abilities in long-term memory continue to improve in middle and late childhood. Boys are better at retaining information in long-term memory than girls Children's abilities in short-term memory continue to improve in middle and late-childhood Because children are learning so much new information in middle and late childhood, they have more difficulty sustaining attention.

Which of the following are causes of organic intellectual disabilities?

-Fragile X syndrome -Down syndrome Cultural influences -Prenatal malformation

Which of the following are cautions one should consider when utilizing IQ scores?

-IQ score is not a measure of fixed potential IQ scores are highly predictive of future success -Overall score is not indicative of intelligence in all domains -IQ is not a sole indicator of competence.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

-Imaginative intelligence Creative intelligence Analytical intelligence Practical intelligence

Which of the following are possible causes of the rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world?

-Increasing levels of education attained by the world's population The variability in teachers around the world Heredity and genetic mutations -Amount of information to which people are exposed

How can parents and teachers foster strong writing skills among children in middle and late childhood?

-Provide multiple writing opportunities -Limit scrutiny of spelling and formation of letters

Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conservation tasks?

-They can consider several different characteristics of an object at once. -They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets. -They are capable of seriation and transitivity.

Why are children unable to think like scientists when it comes to designing experiments?

-They have trouble distinguishing among alternative causes -They tend to bias experiments in favor of their own hypothesis They show little interest in seeking answers to problems They are not particularly interested in causal relationships

Which of the following are important aspects of thinking?

-Thinking creatively -Critical thinking Thinking universally Fuzzy trace thinking

Identify which of the following are separate indexes included on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales.

-Verbal comprehension -Working memory -Processing speed Emotional intelligence

Which of the following issues are controversies regarding bilingual education?

-Whether teaching only in English will cause non-native speaker to fall behind in academic subjects -How long bilingual education should last Whether teachers are appropriately qualified to teach bilingual classes -Whether children in bilingual programs are learning English effectively

Most people who suffer from organic intellectual disability have IQs between:

0-50

At what age can an autism spectrum disorder often be detected?

1-3 years

At what age does a child typically begin to show mastery of the following motor skill: playing a difficult piece on a musical instrument

10-12 years

A person's IQ is ___ if the person's mental age is identical to his/her chronological age.

100

Approximately ___ of children from 3-21 years of age in the United States receive special education or related services.

13%

Appropriate age of administration for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV).

16 years +

Children grow an average of ___ to ___ inches per year during the elementary school years.

2-3

Appropriate age of administration for the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV).

2.5-7.25 years

In recent research, psychological professionals were found to overdiagnose ADHD approximately ___ percent of the time.

20

About ___ million Americans meet the definition of "intellectual disability".

5

Children gain ___ pounds a year during middle and late childhood.

5-7

College instructors have found that ___% of high school graduates are not prepared for college level writing assignments.

50

Which of the following abilities is NOT something that emerges in the concrete operational stage?

Transitivity -Animism Seriation Conservation

The delay in peak thickness of the cerebral cortex in children with ___ was more prominent in areas of the brain involved in attention and planning.

ADHD

Which of the following can be identified through the use of an intelligence test?

Ability to succeed in school Divergent thinking -Individual differences Creativity

A recent research review concluded that ___ exercise is linked to children's cognitive skills.

Aerobic

Which ethnic group on average scores 10-15 points lower on standardized intelligence tests than White American schoolchildren do?

African American schoolchildren

Relative to gender differences in learning disabilities, ___ (boys/girls) are more likely than ___ to be classified as having a learning disability.

Boys (3x's more likely), girls

___ intelligence refers to the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

Analytical

Which of the following types of intelligence DO NOT conform to the patters favored in conventional schooling?

Analytical intelligence -Practical intelligence -Creative intelligence

Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, required that all students with disabilities be given free and ___ public education.

Appropriate

What are the causes of children becoming overweight in society today?

Athletic involvement -Environmental contexts Cardiovascular disease -Heredity

Which of the following are some of Gardner's proposed types of intelligence?

Auditory -Verbal Sensory -Interpersonal -Spatial -Mathematical -Musical

Why can children in middle and late childhood understand the appropriate use of comparatives (shorter, deeper) and subjectives ("If you were president...")?

Because vocabulary increases during the elementary years Because of their ability to categorize their vocabulary by parts of speech Because of metalinguistic awareness -Because of improvements in logical reasoning and analytical skills

Using a combination of medication and ___ management has been shown to be more effective than just medication alone in improving the way children with ADHD act.

Behavior

___ is the ability to speak two languages.

Bilingualism

Health care workers may take a child's __ __ __, which is computed by a formula that takes into account height and weight, to assess if he or she is overweight.

Body mass index

Which of the following are ways in which teachers can expand children's thinking and help them to achieve deep understanding?

By ask asking students to recite -By asking students to analyze By asking students to define -By asking students to think -By asking students to evaluate

The second leading cause of death in U.S. children 5-14 years old is ___.

Cancer

Children's thinking is similar to scientific thinking in that both are highly concerned with ___.

Causal relations

During middle and late ___ car accidents are the leading cause of severe injury or death.

Childhood

Young children whose parents ___ have been shown to score higher on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test.

Communicated with them more

During the ___ operational stage, children are able to classify objects and consider their interrelationships.

Concrete

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Concrete operational

Piaget defined the ___ stage as a time when children can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific examples.

Concrete operational

Which of the following abilities is NOT part of Piaget's concrete operational stage?

Conservation Reversibility Seriation -Egocentrism

___ thinking produces one correct answer and characterized the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

Convergent

___ intelligence consists of the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

Creative

Parents and teachers can provide environments that stimulate ___ by providing children with exercises and activities that stimulate children to find insightful solutions to problems.

Creativity

___ is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

Creativity

___ thinking is a particular approach to a problem that involves skepticism and analysis of many different assets of a situation.

Critical

___ thinking is when a person thinks reflectively, productively, and evaluates evidence.

Critical

When there is no evidence of organic brain damage, cases are labeled as ___ intellectual disability.

Cultural-familial

Tests that are familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and tests that have no verbal questions are examples of ___-___ tests.

Culture-fair

During middle and late childhood, head circumference and waist circumference ___ in relation to children"s body height.

Decrease

A method of intervention to help overweight children lose weight would include ___.

Diet Behavior modification Exercise

Intellectual ___ is inadequate intellectual functioning of an individual.

Disability

___ thinking produces many different answers to the same question and characterizes creativity.

Divergent

Sabine has a severe impairment in reading and spelling ability. Identify the condition with which Sabine would most accurately be diagnosed.

Dyslexia

Which type of learning disability is specifically related to an impairment in the ability to read and spell?

Dyslexia

For late language learners, such as adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is ___ to learn than new sounds or new grammar.

Easier

People in ___ cultures tend to see intelligence as a way for members of a community to engage successfully in social roles.

Eastern

___ disorders consist of serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.

Emotional and behavioral

Which of the following statements is NOT a suggested way to encourage children to exercise?

Encourage parents to exercise more and to have the family focus more on physical activity. Offer more physical activity programs run by volunteers at school facilities. -Allow children more unsupervised free time because children spend too much time in unorganized activities. (Many children choose to spend unsupervised free time in a sedentary manner) Improve physical fitness activities in schools.

True or false: Cardiovascular disease is common in childhood.

False

True or false: The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has decreased in recent decades.

False

Girls usually perform better than boys at ___ motor skill tasks.

Fine

The increased myelination of the central nervous system is reflected in the improvement in ___ motor skill development during middle and late childhood.

Fine

The ___ effect is the worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame.

Flynn

When children are deprived of ___ education for an extended period they will have lower intelligence.

Formal

Students who have above-average intelligence and/or a superior talent for something are called ___ students.

Gifted

Appropriate use of strategies and thoughtful planning to solve problems is characteristic of ___.

Good thinkers

Boys usually outperform girls in ___ motor skill activities.

Gross

Which is the GREATEST risk factor for being overweight at 9 years of age?

Having an overweight parent

Research found that children with a high body mass index and waist circumference are at risk for metabolic syndrome, a constellation of factors that include which of the following?

High blood pressure Type 2 diabetes Obesity

Alex is a 10-year-old boy in 5th grade. He cannot sit still in class. He frequently squirms in his chair, or gets up and moves around within the classroom. He wiggles and squirms in some form or fashion for the majority of the class period. Which characteristic of ADHD is Alex displaying?

Hyperactivity

What are two risk factors for cardiovascular disease that many school-aged children possess?

Hypertension, Obesity

Ben is an 8-year-old boy who is described by his teacher as having a difficult time completing his work in class. He is easily distracted by noise in the classroom. Which characteristic of ADHD is Ben displaying?

Inattention

___ is when a child who receives special education services is taught full-time in the regular education classroom with supplemental help.

Inclusion

Some experts attribute the increase in ADHD diagnoses to an increased awareness of the disorder, while others attribute the increase to ___ diagnoses.

Incorrect

Areas of the brain that continue to be activated show an ___ in synaptic connections.

Increase

What is the name of a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability?

Individualized education plan (IEP)

Alfred Binet developed the first ___ test.

Intelligence

An ___ test aims to indicate whether a given student can reason better than others who have taken the same test.

Intelligence

Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences?

Intelligence

___ quotient is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by one hundred.

Intelligence

Which of the following is the correct definition of intellectual disability?

It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

Before learning to read, a child must be able to do all of the following things, EXCEPT___.

Learn what a word is -Understand how to use language in a culturally appropriate way Learn how to recognize and talk about sounds Use language to talk about things that are not present

The largest number of children to be provided help in special-education programs are___.

Learning disabilities

Alexis is a 9-year-old girl in 4th grade. She is having difficulty with reading comprehension, spelling, and understanding mathematical concepts. Her teacher is concerned and has referred her to a special education teacher for evaluation. Which of the following special needs will Alexis most likely be diagnosed with?

Learning disability

The most common type of childhood cancer is called ___, a cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many abnormal white blood cells.

Leukemia

___-term memory is relatively permanent and unlimited.

Long

When a child can order sticks in such a way that each stick must be longer that the one that precedes it and shorter than the one that follows it they understand ___.

Seriation

True or false: Children who have parents diagnosed with ADHD are at a greater risk of also developing ADHD.

True

Which of the following factors are common in overweight children?

Low self esteem Hypertension Diabetes Elevated blood cholesterol levels

ADHD tends to be diagnosed in ___ more than the other sex.

Males

Improvements in ___ reflect children's increased knowledge and their increased use of strategies.

Memory

Which cognitive concept shows improvements based on children's increased knowledge and their increased use of strategies?

Memory

Neo-Piagetians put greater emphasis that Piaget did on all of the following elements EXCEPT ___.

Memory Strategies Attention -Classification

___ age is Binet's measure of an individual's level of intellectual development compared with that of others.

Mental

Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called

Metacognition

___ awareness is defined as knowledge about language, such as knowing the definition of a preposition or being able to discuss language sounds.

Metalinguistic

Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test because school officials wanted to determine a ___ who were unable to learn in school.

Method of identifying children

Recent research has shown that aerobic exercise can improve which of the following cognitive skills in children?

Moral behavior -Creativity -Goal-directed behavior -Attention -Memory

If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed, which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population?

More people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence

Why is it difficult to create culture-fair tests?

Most tests tend to reflect what the dominant culture deems important

Children's ___ skills become smoother and more coordinated in middle and late childhood.

Motor

Research on tasks in concrete operations are inconsistent with ___ views that all aspects of the cognitive stage emerge at the same time.

Piaget's

Bilingualism has a ___ effect on children's cognitive development, according to the textbook.

Positive

___ intelligence involves the ability to use, apply and implement ideas.

Practical

Children make progress in understanding how to use language in a culturally appropriate way, which is known as ___

Pragmatics

Which of the following is a stimulant medication that can be effective in improving attention in children diagnosed with ADHD?

Prednisone -Adderall Promethazine Albuterol

ADHD in which children demonstrate a high level of physical activity and do not do a good job of thinking before they act is ADHD with ___

Predominantly hyperactivity/impulsivity

Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control in children are all linked to the increased pathways and circuitry in the ____ cortex

Prefrontal

Which area of the brain shows an increase in brain pathways and circuitry during middle and late childhood?

Prefrontal cortex

Advances in the ___ of the brain are linked to children's ___.

Prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning and cognitive control

Efforts to counteract a deprived early environment's negative effect on intelligence focus on ______ rather than remediation

Prevention

Approximately 80% of children with a learning disability have ___ problems.

Reading

Which of the following statements is NOT characteristic of the whole-language approach

Reading is connected with listening and writing skills. Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems. -Reading instruction is focused on teaching basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. Reading is integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies.

Which of the following terms encompass knowledge about one's own memory, such as a student's ability to monitor whether she has studies enough for a test that is coming up next week?

Recall -Metamemory Metacognition Elaboration

The fact that boys are more likely to be sent by teachers for treatment because of trouble-making behavior is known as what type of bias?

Referral bias

The least restrictive environment (LRE) provision of the IDEA has resulted in required efforts to educated disabled children in ___ education classrooms.

Regular

Current research has found that differences between intelligence scores of identical and fraternal twins is ___

Relatively low

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism spectrum disorders?

Repetitive behaviors -Severe intellectual disability in all types Problems in verbal and nonverbal communication Problems in social interaction

_____ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

Short-term memory; long-term memory

During the elementary school years, boys are usually ___ on average than girls.

Shorter The average girl is 4'10", average boy is 4'9"

Interventions with children who have learning disabilities often focus on improving which of the following?

Speech impairments Behavioral issues -Reading ability Math abilities

True or false: Disease and death are less prevalent during middle and late childhood than during adolescence.

True

___ bilingualism occurs when immigrant children go from being monolingual in their home language to being bilingual in that language and in English, only to end up as monolingual speakers of English.

Subtractive

Cortical thickening in the ___ and frontal lobe areas of the brain may underlie children's improvements in language abilities.

Temporal

In which lobes of the brain does cortical thickening appear during middle and late childhood?

Temporal and frontal lobes

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ethnicity and standardized intelligence test performance?

The gap between African American and White performance on standardized intelligence tests has begun to widen -The gap between African American and White performance on standardized intelligence tests has begun to narrow The gap between African American and White performance on standardized intelligence tests is wider in college than in elementary school The gap between African American and White performance on standardized intelligence test is narrower in elementary school than it is in college

The reading instruction approach that emphasized teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called ___.

The phonics approach

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is:

Transitivity

Which of the following IQ scores is associated with a diagnosis of intellectual disability on a traditional intelligence test?

Usually below 100 Usually below 50 -Usually below 70 Usually below 90

Which of the following explains why some intelligence experts have doubts about multiple-intelligence approaches?

We cannot measure multiple intelligences adequately There is no proof of multiple intelligences because we cannot identify specific areas of the brain associated with the different intelligences -People who do well in one area of intelligence tend to do well in other areas, therefor the need for multiple intelligences is not necessary Multiple intelligence experts do not believe in general intelligence

The _____ not only provide an overall IQ score, but they also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak.

Wechsler scales

Organic intellectual disability is caused by:

a genetic disorder or brain damage.

Marshall writes very slowly and his handwriting is virtually illegible. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match up sounds and letters. Marshall likely suffers from _____.

dysgraphia