Chapter 9

Isomerism

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.

Alkaloids

are amines that occur naturally in plants, bacteria, fungi and animals. Many have physiological effects. Morphine, caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine are alkaloids. So are the bases pyrimidine and purine.

Phenols

are aromatic compounds with the hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring. The presence of the aromatic ring alters the properties of the hydroxyl group. Phenols do not act as alcohols, but as acids. Phenols are an effective antiseptic.

Functional groups

are atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to, or part of, the hydrocarbon skeletons and give the compounds characteristic chemical and physical properties. Double and triple bonds, as well as halogen substituents, are examples

Ethers

are compounds with two alkyl groups bonded to the same oxygen

Amines

are derivatives of ammonia. When one or more hydrogen of ammonia is replaced by an alkyl group, an amine is the result. Like ammonia, amines tend to be basic and have similar odors.

Esters

are formed by replacing the hydrogen of a carboxylic acid with the alkyl group of an alcohol or phenol.

Alkenes

are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond. Their general formula is CnH2n. Their names begin with a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ene.

Alkynes

are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon triple bond. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. Their names begin with a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -yne.

Alkanes

are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Because all carbon-to-carbon bonds are single bonds, Blank are often called saturated hydrocarbons.

Condensed structural formulas

are often used to represent organic compounds. In condensed structural formulas, C to H bond lines are omitted

Cyclic hydrocarbons

are ring compounds. The simplest Blank is cyclopropane

Heterocyclic compounds

are rings that contain atoms other than carbon as part of the ring. Most organic heterocyclic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur

Hydrocarbons

are the simplest organic compounds. As their name implies, they are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

Aldehydes and ketones

are two families of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl (C=O) functional group.

When a carboxyl group is attached directly to a benzene ring, the compound is called

benzoic acid.

When chlorine is substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon, a

chlorinated hydrocarbon is formed

Carbon compounds with both chlorine and fluorine are known as

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Aromatic hydrocarbons

contain a benzene ring or have properties similar to those of benzene.

Organic acids

contain the carboxyl (COOH) functional group.

Aniline

has an amine functional group attached to a benzene ring

Amides

have nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl carbon.

Benzene

is a unique organic compound in that it is a very stable six-carbon ring.

Trichloromethane (chloroform)

is also a solvent and at one time was used as an anesthetic. It is now considered hazardous.

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol

is also known as grain alcohol. It is the alcohol of alcoholic beverages. It is also an additive to automotive fuel and is being considered as a gasoline replacement.

Organic chemistry

is defined as the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds, over 95% are compounds of carbon.

Methanol or methyl alcohol

is sometimes called wood alcohol. It is an important solvent, automotive fuel additive, and possible fuel replacement.

Carbon

is unique in that carbon atoms can bond to each other to form long chains and rings.

Dichloromethane

is used as a solvent and paint remover.