Chapter 9
Isomerism
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.
Alkaloids
are amines that occur naturally in plants, bacteria, fungi and animals. Many have physiological effects. Morphine, caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine are alkaloids. So are the bases pyrimidine and purine.
Phenols
are aromatic compounds with the hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring. The presence of the aromatic ring alters the properties of the hydroxyl group. Phenols do not act as alcohols, but as acids. Phenols are an effective antiseptic.
Functional groups
are atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to, or part of, the hydrocarbon skeletons and give the compounds characteristic chemical and physical properties. Double and triple bonds, as well as halogen substituents, are examples
Ethers
are compounds with two alkyl groups bonded to the same oxygen
Amines
are derivatives of ammonia. When one or more hydrogen of ammonia is replaced by an alkyl group, an amine is the result. Like ammonia, amines tend to be basic and have similar odors.
Esters
are formed by replacing the hydrogen of a carboxylic acid with the alkyl group of an alcohol or phenol.
Alkenes
are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond. Their general formula is CnH2n. Their names begin with a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ene.
Alkynes
are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon triple bond. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. Their names begin with a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -yne.
Alkanes
are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Because all carbon-to-carbon bonds are single bonds, Blank are often called saturated hydrocarbons.
Condensed structural formulas
are often used to represent organic compounds. In condensed structural formulas, C to H bond lines are omitted
Cyclic hydrocarbons
are ring compounds. The simplest Blank is cyclopropane
Heterocyclic compounds
are rings that contain atoms other than carbon as part of the ring. Most organic heterocyclic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
Hydrocarbons
are the simplest organic compounds. As their name implies, they are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen.
Aldehydes and ketones
are two families of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl (C=O) functional group.
When a carboxyl group is attached directly to a benzene ring, the compound is called
benzoic acid.
When chlorine is substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon, a
chlorinated hydrocarbon is formed
Carbon compounds with both chlorine and fluorine are known as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Aromatic hydrocarbons
contain a benzene ring or have properties similar to those of benzene.
Organic acids
contain the carboxyl (COOH) functional group.
Aniline
has an amine functional group attached to a benzene ring
Amides
have nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl carbon.
Benzene
is a unique organic compound in that it is a very stable six-carbon ring.
Trichloromethane (chloroform)
is also a solvent and at one time was used as an anesthetic. It is now considered hazardous.
Ethanol or ethyl alcohol
is also known as grain alcohol. It is the alcohol of alcoholic beverages. It is also an additive to automotive fuel and is being considered as a gasoline replacement.
Organic chemistry
is defined as the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds, over 95% are compounds of carbon.
Methanol or methyl alcohol
is sometimes called wood alcohol. It is an important solvent, automotive fuel additive, and possible fuel replacement.
Carbon
is unique in that carbon atoms can bond to each other to form long chains and rings.
Dichloromethane
is used as a solvent and paint remover.