Chapter 9 (Assessment of Intelligence)
Gardner
(8 types of intelligence and are independent from on another)
Sternberg
(componential- executive function, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components. These components are necessary to develop intelligent behavior, experiential- results from behavior and experiences and contextual- involves one's actions toward the environment, including selecting, adapting to, and influencing one's surroundings)
cattell-horn-carroll
(fluid- ability to be adaptable and flexible in solving problems, independent of previous knowledge and crystallized intelligence- ability to solve problems and make decisions on the basis of acquired knowledge, experiences, and verbal conceptualizations)
spearman
(g and s factor-focused more on general factor of intelligence)
thurstone
(seven factors of intelligence- word verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization , associative memory , perceptual speed, and reasoning)
Das Naglieri cog. Assessment system
13 subtests, yielding 4 scales (Planning, Attention, SImulaneous, and Successive [PASS])
Adult (WAIS-IV)
15 subtests, measuring fluid and crystalized intelligence (g factor of intelligence). Strong internal consistency (test-retest reliability, interrater reliability)
Theories When did interest of intelligence start?
1800s
giftedness and creativity Approximately what percentage of school-age individuals demonstrate high ability, performance, achievement, and/or creativity?
3% to 5%
Gardner's multiple intelligences
8 types of intelligence that are independent from one another
What are some of the factors affecting gifted students? How might a client's cultural makeup impact the way in which counselors conceptualize and intervene with giftedness?
Academic, interpersonal, and familial challenges. minority individuals are underrepresented in gifted classes, gifted students may be seen similar as non-gifted students, lack of referral and attention to minority status students
2) All of the following are considered major intelligence theorists except: a. Binet b. Wood c. Sternberg d. Cattel
B) wood
test your knowledge 1) Which of the following is typically not considered a traditional definition of intelligence? a. Capacity to learn b. Ability to apply knowledge to new tasks c. Having interpersonal d. Ability to adapt to an environment knowledge
C) having interpersonal
Group intelligence tests for school use
Cog. Abilities test Test of cognitive skills Otis-lennon school ability test
Wundt, Galton and Cattell drew their inspiration from who?
Darwin's writing on genetic variation
What has the ration IQ been replaced with?
Derived IQ standard score (deviation IQ)
4)IQ remains stable over an individual's lifetime. (t/f)
False
Giftedness is often seen as special needs education. (t/f)
False- giftedness is not seen as special needs and thus counselors may not provide specific attention to gifted students
Group tests are identified as intelligence tests. (f/t)
False-described as mental maturity, cognitive ability, school ability, or academic ability
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid: ability to be adaptable and flexible in solving new problems, independent of previous knowledge (abstract/visual reasoning) Crystallized: ability to solve problems and make decisions on the basis of acquired knowledge, experiences, and verbal conceptualizations, result of experiential and cultural learning through lifetime (verbal and quantitative reasoning) Crystallized intelligence can be mediated by fluid intelligence
What must counselors, especially those in school settings, do when working with gifted students?
Help them master a variety of social and academic skills
kaufman batteries
KABC-II and KAIT
1916
Lewis Terman (Stanford-Binet)
Counselors often lack_ and _ to use these instruments?
Resources, training
Other group intelligence tests: used in wider range of settings
Shipley institute of living scale Wonderlic personnel test and Scholastic level exam Multidimensional aptitude battery
Review questions What are the major theories of intelligence?
Spearman's g factor, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities, Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Gardner's multiple intelligences
5)Individuals of minority statuses are underrepresented in gifted education.(t/f)
True
what is the WAIS for children called?
WISC-V
How do the Wechsler scales compare with the Stanford-Binet?
Wechsler scales were developed to be more suitable for adults
weaknesses of WAIS-IV
administration, scoring and interpretation are labor intensive AND focuses on "left-brain" intelligences from work/school settings
3)The following intelligence assessment is designed specifically for use with children: a. WAIS-IV b. KABC-II c. WPT d. SB5
b. KABC-II (Kaufman assessment battery for children)
Sternberg's triarchic theory
based on how well ppl process info, 3 types of intelligence
Wonderlic personnel test and Scholastic level exam
been subject of various court cases in which its use was declared not legitimate when testing procedures resulting in denying fair opportunities to prospective minority employees.
Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence
componential, experiential, contextual
disadvantages of individual intelligence tests
costs (time and money, extensive training required for administration and interpretation)
What are the 5 cited traits of giftedness?
creative thinking, excitability or hyperarousal, high sensitivity to others, possession of multiple perceptions or intuition, and motivation or inner strength
What were Wundt, Galton and Cattell interested in?
demonstrating individual differences through sensory processes and mental tests
wechsler scales (WAIS)
developed more for adults and measured nonverbal intelligence more
stamford-binet
developed more for children originally, used as gold standard, high reliability of scores has been reported (internal consistency, test-retest, and interscorer agreement)
Multidimensional aptitude battery
developed to yield same types of results and scores as the WAIS, can be taken on most computers
advantage: Multidimensional aptitude battery
easy to administer and score
Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities
fluid and crystallized intelligence
advantages of individual intelligence tests
for a component counselor, they provide aspects of a clinical interview and standardized test
KAIT
for adults- 6 core subtests and 4 additional subtests
KABC-II
for children- 18 subtests, 3-18 years old and scores on 6 different ability indices
disadvantage: Multidimensional aptitude battery
observations data is not obtained- not administered in high-stakes testing situations (determination of intellectual disabilities)
Which is easier to collect data for, individual or group?
group
Spearman's g factor
intelligence consisted of a single general (g) factor G factor: surmised from broad range of cognitive tests, more influential to understanding intelligence S factor: intelligence specific to a test or subtest
componential
internal components or mechanisms, which include executive function, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components
contextual
involves one's actions toward the environment, including selecting, adapting to, and influencing one's surroundings
Stanford-Binet
mental age/IQ
Thurstone's primary mental abilities
primary mental abilities- there is a general factor with seven second-order factors
Group intelligence tests
require ampler materials, offer more normative information
experiential
results from behaviors and experiences
Woodcock-Johnson tests of cog. Abilities (WJ IV)
series of 20 intelligence tests, following the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence
How is intelligence defined according to the major theorists of intelligence? What are the potential limitations of each of these definitions?
spearman, thurstone, cattell-horn-carroll, sternberg, gardner
individual intelligence tests
stamford-binet, wechsler sclaes, kaufman abtteries, das naglie3ri cognitive assessment system, woodcook-Johnson tests of cognitive abilities
What is the best method available for identifying children with superior cog. Abilities?
standardized, individually administered, multidimensional test of intelligence, such as a Wechsler test or the Stanford-Binet
What are some of the advantages of individual intelligence tests? Disadvantages?
these tests provide aspects of a clinical interview as well as a standardized test.
example of a challenge a gifted student might face
underachievement begins in early school year and is well developed pattern in high school, social skills are not fully developed
Primary mental abilities
verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning