Chapter 9 Based on assignment

Put the stages of cell signaling in the correct order.

1. receptor actoivation 2. signal transduction 3. cellular response

Signal transduction is the_____ stage of cell signaling.

2nd

Contact-dependent signaling matches

A membrane-bound signaling molecule binds to a receptor on the surface of another cell.

What does the binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor stimulate?

A signal transduction pathway

Endocrine signaling

A signaling molecule acts on target cells distant from the cell that secreted the signa

Paracrine signaling

A signaling molecule affects target cells nearby but not the cell that secreted the signal.

Autocrine signaling

A signaling molecule binds to a receptor on the same cell that secreted the signal.

Receptor activation

A signaling molecule binds to a receptor.

During cellular signaling, what event causes the receptor to become activated?

A signaling molecule binds to it.

Direct intercellular signaling

A signaling molecule passes between the cytosol of adjacent cells through a cell junction.

Cellular response

An enzyme, structural protein, or transcription factor is altered.

What is another name for programmed cell death?

Apoptosis

Identify the signaling process that stimulates a response by secreting signaling molecules that bind to receptors on the cell's own surface.

Autocrine signaling

Signals influence the behavior of cells by interacting with receptors to elicit what type of response?

Cellular

Which of the following are examples of cell-to-cell signaling?

Contact-dependent signaling Direct intercellular signaling Paracrine signaling Endocrine signaling

Which of the following is a hormone that activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase?

Epinephrine

True or false: Some living cells do not conduct and require cell communication to survive.

False

Binding of the α subunit of a(n) ______ ______ stimulates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to synthesize cAMP.

G : protein

What type of receptor mediates the signal transduction pathway associated with cAMP?

G protein

In the signal transduction pathway involving cAMP, the hormone epinephrine first binds to its receptor and activates a _____ protein. The alpha subunit then activates the enzyme adenylyl _____ which catalyzes the production of cAMP from ATP.

G; cyclase

Name the protein ligand that acts as a signaling molecule that stimulates cell division.

Growth factor

Where are cell surface receptors found?

In the plasma membrane

Identify the stage of cell signaling where a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing a conformational change in the receptor.

Receptor activation

True or false: The mode of communication between two cells depends in part on the distance between the cells.

T

The equation, kon [Ligand] + [Receptor] ⇆ [Ligand - Receptor complex] koff, illustrates how a ligand-receptor complex is formed. In this equation, what do the brackets represent?

The concentration

The equation, kon [Ligand] + [Receptor] ⇌ [Ligand - Receptor complex] koff, illustrates how a ligand-receptor complex is formed. In this equation, what does the kon represent?

The rate at which binding occurs

Signal transduction matches

The signal is converted to a different type of signal, often resulting in the production of an intracellular signaling molecule.

How do second messengers amplify cellular signaling?

They allow many more target proteins to be activated.

True or false: The function of apoptosis is to ensure a proper number of cells in the body and to eliminate worn out or potentially harmful cells.

True

Because the binding of a ligand is a reversible process, once the ligand is released, the receptor is no longer:

activated

Cyclic AMP is synthesized by the enzyme

adenylyl cyclase

Cyclic AMP is synthesized by:

adenylyl cyclase

The synthesis of cAMP occurs when one type of G protein α subunit interacts with the enzyme

adenylyl cyclase

The main advantage of second messengers in cellular signaling are that they ___ the original signal and increase the ___ of intracellular signaling.

amplify ; speed

The enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cAMP, is stimulated by:

binding of the α subunit of a G protein

The GPCR mediates the signal transduction pathway involving _____ which is synthesized by activated adenylyl cyclase.

cAMP

The interaction between the α subunit of an appropriate G protein and adenylyl cyclase causes adenylyl cyclase to synthesize:

cAMP

Which of the following is a second messenger?

cAMP

One reason for cell signaling is for cells to communicate with each other. This type of communication is called:

cell-to-cell

Signals influence the behavior of _____ nearby or at long distances by interacting with receptors to elicit a response.

cells

Cell signaling is important because:

cells need to communicate with each other. cells need to respond to a changing environment.

Apoptosis is an example of what type of response involving cell communication?

cellular

When a ligand alters the structure of its receptor, the conformational change that occurs activates a(n)

cellular

Both incoming signal and outgoing signals are important in the process of cell ________ , which is also called cell signaling.

communication

During receptor activation the binding of a signaling molecule causes a ______ change in a receptor that activates its function.

conformational

During the receptor activation stage of cell signaling, the _____ that occurs in the receptor activates its function.

conformational

When ligands alter the structure of their receptors, this causes a(n):

conformational change

Second messengers increase the speed of cellular signaling because they:

diffuse through the cytosol rapidly

Unlike enzymes, which convert their substrates into products, receptors typically:

do not alter the structure of their ligands

Cell-to-cell communication can occur between cells in five common ways. This figure depicts _____ signaling.

endocrine

Cell signaling allows cells to detect and respond to signals from their and from other cells.

environment

EGF is a protein that stimulates the ____ cells to divide

epidermal

True or false: A signal transduction pathway consists of carbohydrate molecules.

false

A(n) ________ factor is a protein ligand that acts as a signaling molecule that stimulates cell growth or division.

growth

Signaling molecules that promote cell division are called

growth factors

Second messengers relay signals:

inside the cell

In some cases, a signaling molecule must first pass through the plasma membrane before activating a receptor. The receptors activated by these molecules are called:

intracellular receptors

What term is used to describe a signaling molecule?

ligand

When a(n) ______ binds to its receptor, it causes a conformational change in the receptor.

ligand

Plant cells produce hormones that determine the pattern of cell elongation so the plant will grow toward light. The hormone effect is an example of an

outgoing signal

In what type of signaling does a specific cell produce a signaling molecule that does not affect the cell secreting the signal but influences the behavior of target cells in close proximity?

paracrine

Cell surface receptors are receptors that are embedded in the

plasma membrane

What forms a signal transduction pathway?

proteins

Proteins that interact with signaling molecules are called _____. These proteins can be located on the cell surface or inside the cell.

receptors

Small molecules or ions that relay signals inside the cell are called

second

cAMP is an example of a(n) _____ messenger.

second

One of the advantages of _______ _______ such as cAMP is speed. Because they are relatively small and water-soluble, they can diffuse rapidly through the cytosol.

second messengers

A ligand is also known as a(n) ______ molecule

signal

Identify the stage of cell signaling where the initial signal is converted to a different signal inside the cell.

signal transduction

A growth factor is a type of:

signaling molecule

Cell communication, also called cell ______, involves both incoming and outgoing signals.

signalling

EGF stimulates the division of:

skin cells

The mode of cell communication depends on:

the distance between the cells that need to communicate

The effect of signaling molecules on cells occurs through signal transduction pathways that ultimately control the:

the functions and or synthesis of specific proteins

Cell communication is an important function for maintaining a balance in the internal environment of organisms. To maintain this equilibrium, cells must detect and respond to signals from:

their environment other cells

Cell signaling has several stages. Cells respond to signals in the ______ stage.

third

What is the second stage of cell signaling?

transduction

When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor, it stimulates a signal ____ pathway

transduction

what is the second stage of cell signaling

transduction

Signaling molecules exert their effects on cells through signal

transduction pathways

An example of an incoming signal in cell communication is:

ultraviolet light