Chapter 9 BIOL Nutrition

The energy density of a baked potato that weighs 122 grams and delivers 114 kcalories is _____ The energy density of 1 oz of potato chips, which weigh 28 grams and deliver 154 kcalories, is _____

.93 kcalories/g ; 5.5 kcalories/g

Fad diets often produce weight loss, at least initially, because they are designed to limit total kcalories to ____ kcalories or less per day.

1200

The minimum needed to achieve nutritional adequacy

1200 kcal

A person is overweight (350 pounds) and desires to lose 35 pounds over a 6-month period. The total kcalorie intake restriction required to reach the weight-loss goal is _____. If the weight loss time period is 27 weeks, the weekly kcalorie restrictions to achieve the goal are _______ and the daily kcalorie restrictions to achieve this goal are ____.

122,500 kcalories; 4,537 kcalories, 648 kcalories

Underweight is having a BMI less than _____.

18.5

Underweight affects about:

2% of adults

Overweight BMI

25-29.9

An individual is considered obese if his or her body mass index is equal to or greater than ____.

30

Surgery for obesity could be an option if the person's BMI is >___.

40

Depending on initial body weight, a reasonable rate of weight loss for adults is ____ of body weight over 6 months.

5-10%

A deficit of ___ to ___/day is reasonable and recommended.

500 to 750 kcalories

A reasonable weight-loss strategy for overweight and obese adults is to increase activity and reduce food intake enough to create a deficit of ____ kcalories per day.

500-750

In order to gain weight, a person must take in at least an extra _____ calories a day and use ______ training to ensure healthy weight gain.

500; strength

Explain the effect exercise has on appetite.

Appetite is suppressed after exercise. Exercise doesn't cause overeating. Exercise can help curb inappropriate appetite caused by boredom or anxiety

Explain how breakfast intake is inversely associated obesity and what this means

Breakfast frequency is inversely associated with obesity and its associated risk factors like BMI, blood pressure, and blood lipids. This means people who eat breakfast regularly have a lower BMI and improved risk factors stated above.

Fast-food restaurants have significantly contributed to the development of obesity for all of the following reasons except:

Close proximity of fast-food establishments does not increase the risk of obesity

Slows down eating and reduces amount eaten before satiety hormones "kick in"

Eating for pleasure, e.g., chewing thoroughly

The main characteristic in a successful weight-loss plan is:

It provides less energy than a person needs to maintain weight

Which of the following is true about the body's set point?

Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

Rapid weight loss and restrictive eating isn't recommended because

Rapid weight loss often results in loss of lean tissue, which leads to a lower BMR and rapid weight regain

Which of the following is a characteristic of most fad diets?

They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake.

List the two major roles of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

Transport and metabolism of fat

All of the following are sensible guidelines to achieve weight loss except: a. Eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food. b. Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical exercise daily. c. A minimum of 1200 kcalories are needed to ensure nutritional adequacy. d. Choose low energy density foods e. Focus on plant-based foods

a

Women have higher LPL levels in the breasts, thighs, and hips. Men have higher LPL levels in ______ fat cells.

abdominal

Ease and convenience of obtaining food

accessibility

Fat is stored in ____ tissue

adipose

With gastric banding, the ____.

amount of food that can be comfortably eaten is limited

Includes lighting and decor

atmosphere

_______ surgery changes hormone production.

bariatric

Formation triggered by exercise

brite adipocytes

Oxidation is uncoupled from ATP formation

brown adipose

Releases energy as heat only

brown adipose

masses of specialized fat cells packed with pigmented mitochondria that produce heat instead of ATP

brown adipose tissue

All of the following are true regarding weight-loss surgery except: a. Dramatic improvements are seen in blood lipids, lower blood pressure, and diabetes. b. Bariatric surgery suppresses hunger and alters metabolism by changing production of hormones. c. Medical supervision is only required for the first 6-9 months after surgery. d. With limited food intake and reduced absorptive surfaces, vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common. e. Food intake is limited by reducing stomach capacity.

c

Which of the following is true about energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight? a. Formerly obese people are less efficient at storing fat. b. Energy expenditure is the same as in people who were never obese. c. Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight and body composition. d. Basal metabolic rates are higher after weight loss than during the obese state. e. Energy expenditure is the same per kilogram body weight compared with the obese stat

c

"Natural" herbal products and dietary supplements promoting weight loss ______ be considered safe or effective just because they are available in the market.

cannot

Changes in body ______ result from exercise. Body ____ decreases. ____ mass increases, even without weight loss.

composition; fat; lean

With weight loss, fat cells _______.

decrease in size only

When body weight decreases, fat cells _____ in size, and the number of fat cells

decrease; remains the same

Long-term safety and effectiveness depend largely on compliance with _____ instructions. _______ in vitamins and minerals are common.

dietary; deficiency

For example, watching TV

distraction

A good strategy for weight gain in underweight individuals is to ____.

eat energy-dense foods

_____ fat disrupts normal metabolism and contributes to disease.

ectopic

Meals focus on ____-dense foods to meet kcals.

energy

If energy intake continues to exceed energy expenditure, the _____ fat cells stimulate cell proliferation so fat cell number ______

enlarged; increases

Internal cues are often overridden by

environmental factors

People who ____ consistently are more successful at weight maintenance than people who don't

exersize

Among individuals who have had surgery to help them lose weight, only about 25 percent of the excess weight remains lost after 15 years.

false

Even when used alone, weight-loss drugs are quite successful in promoting substantial weight loss.

false

Genetics plays a true causative role in a clear majority of cases of obesity.

false

Obesity develops when a person's fat cells increase in number, not in size.

false

People who are overweight by body mass index (BMI) standards, but otherwise in good health, will almost certainly benefit from losing weight.

false

You can assume that an herbal product or dietary supplement is safe or effective just because it is available on the market.

false

Physical conditioning and extra kcalories builds muscle and prevents weight gained as ___.

fat

Environmental factors like diet and physical activity influence ________

gene expression

_____ interact with diet and activity patterns that lead to obesity. They also play a role in metabolic pathways that influence energy balance and _____

genes; satiety

Hormone that promotes eating and weight gain by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting energy storage

ghrelin

Which substance is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes eating and weight gain by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting efficient energy storage?

ghrelin

The types of fat added to the diet impact _____.

healthy

Initially, when energy intake exceeds expenditure, fat cells ____ size and _____ in number

increase; do not change

After weight loss, LPL activity in adipose tissue

increases

Weight gain, like weight loss, is highly _______.

individual

Protein that triggers transformation of white fat cells into brite fat cells

irisin

This rate of weight loss supports fat loss while retaining _____ tissue.

lean

Hormone that maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditures in response to adipose tissue

leptin

What substance maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue?

leptin

Weight loss serves as a signal to the gene that produces _____, saying "Make more of the enzyme that stores fat."

lipoprotein lipase

Can mean increasing quantity of food eaten

lower energy density

Obese people have ____ LPL activity in their fat cells, compared to lean people.

more

Prevention of obesity is most critical during childhood/adolescence when fat cells increase in _____. People with ______ number of fat cells tend to regain lost weight more readily

number; an increase

Weight loss is recommended for those who are obese and for those who are overweight with one or more obesity-related risk factors. All of the following are obesity-related risk factors except:

osteoporosis

An external cue that contributes to weight gain and energy intake

portion size

Reduce by not eating directly from the package

portion sizes

As fat cells enlarge, it stimulate cell ______, meaning the number of cells increases.

proliferation

Which weight-loss drug increases the release of norepinephrine?

qsymia

Brown adipose tissue ____.

releases stored energy as heat

If energy balance becomes negative, the number of fat cells

remains the same

The number and ____ of fat cells increases when energy balance is positive.

size

Surgeries decrease ______ size, it therefore limits food intake.

stomach

Americans spend an estimated $60 billion a year on weight-loss services and products.

true

An active, growing boy may need more than 4000 kcalories a day to maintain his weight and may be too busy to take time to eat adequately.

true

An estimated 70 percent of the adults in the United States are now considered overweight or obese.

true

For an underweight person to gain weight, meals must contain energy-dense foods and strength training exercise is necessary to build muscle.

true

Ghrelin is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes eating and weight gain.

true

Most fad diets have enough going for them that they work for some people at least for a short time, but they fail to produce long-lasting results for most people.

true

People with extra fat cells tend to regain lost weight rapidly.

true

Rapid weight loss usually means excessive loss of lean tissue, a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR), and rapid weight regains to follow.

true

To prevent weight gains and support weight losses, current recommendations advise at least 60 minutes of moderate activity daily.

true

Before meals helps ease hunger and reduce energy intake

water

In considering the environmental influences of weight loss, it is important to remember that ____.

when offered a large assortment of foods, people tend to eat more

Oxidation releases energy as heat and ATP

white adipose

Stores fat for use by other cells

white adipose