Chapter 9
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory.
Recall
Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues.
Retroactive interference
Tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories.
Proactive interference
Tendency for old memories to interfere with retrieval of newer ones.
Serial position effect
When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle terms.
priming
a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus.
spreading activation model
a connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences.
declarative memories
a consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize, including semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information; also known as explicit memory.
information processing
a continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition.
forgetting
a decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory.
semantic memory
a general knowledge memory
episodic memory
a memory for personal experience.
procedural memories
a nondeclarative or implicit memory for how to carry out skilled movement.
encoding specificity
a process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of information when encoded.
decay
a reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time.
schema
a set of expectations about objects and situations.
cue
a stimulus that aids retrieval.
flashbulb memory
an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event.
working memory
an extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously.
nondeclarative memory
an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; also known as implicit memory.
interference
competition between newer and older information in memory.
motivated forgetting
failure to retrieve negative memories.
mnemonics
memory aids that link new information to well-known information.
reconstruction
rebuilding a memory out of stored elements.
rehearsal
repetition of information
autobiographical memories
semantic or episodic memories that reference the self.
memory
the ability to retain knowledge.
levels of processing theory
the depth (shallow to deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
the enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation.
long-term memory
the final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories.
sensory memory
the first of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time, short-term storage system for sensory impressions.
chunking
the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together.
retrieval
the recovery of stored information.
storage
the retention of information.
short-term memory (STM)
the second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds a small amount of information for a limited time.
encoding
the transformation of information from one form to another.
