Chapter 9, EDF 475 ch. 10, EDF 475 ch 8, edf 475 test 1
What is the K 12 program
A for profit education system that makes money through development of textbooks, tests, and other curriculum materials
What is an STO and why is it legal
A grant in tax returns that can be used for a child's schooling, whether religious or public, and it is legal because it is the parents decision where to send the child
What was a circuit-riding principal?
A principal who governed over one school a day for many days a week and took the day's work to accumulate more and more funds
What was the purpose under which the AFT was founded and How is this different from the way the NEA got started?
AFT got started as an effort to give female teachers and adequate pension, NEA got started as a national effort to bring education to the country
What happened in the Russo case?
Russo was a case in which a student refused to say the pledge of allegiance for religious reasons, and they ended up winning that case.
What happened in Russo? Does the same thinking apply to teachers who disagree with the curriculum and refuse to teach it (Palmer)?
Russo- teacher did not participate during a flag ceremony but instead just stood silently; school tried to dismiss her but court ruled in favor of the teacher Palmer- court ruled that school had the right to fire a teacher for not following the curriculum because of his religious beliefs
How do people cheat?
School administrators erasing incorrect responses on students answer sheets and substituting correct answers, teachers allowing more time than test instructions require, teachers supplying students with hints about which answers are correct, and test preparation sessions using actual test items.
What did Steve Orel reveal about the way Birmingham, Alabama, tried to cheat the system?
Steve Orel ratted out his school to authorities for raising their overall school score by testing everyone and only keeping the highest scores, dropping the scores of 532 students as a result. He got fired
How might the culture and socioeconomic status of a student adversely influence her/his scores high-stakes testing?
Students who struggle at home with their economic situation might have more things to worry about than their testing scores, resulting in lower scores and increased apathy for schooling. The pressure might make them adverse to testing
Why have there been efforts to cut back on collective bargaining rights in some states?
To control the amount of funding that is being given to education
How and why do teachers cheat on standardized testing?
To increase the likelihood that they will have a pay increase and to avoid losing their jobs because of low test scores. They change student answers or help them during their quiz.
Why was the NEA founded and who dominated them?
To nationalize the work of state education associations, dominated by nonteachers
What are the functions states currently maintain control over?
Today most states exercise the following major functions regarding education: establishing academic standards and curriculum guidelines for local school districts, testing students for achievement of academic standards, testing teachers as part of the licensing procedure, licensing teachers, enacting laws that affect the content of instruction, and providing funds to local school districts.
What is the problem with electronics as a means of teaching according to Spring?
Too much money is going towards these products and there is no state or federal regulation of it
What is a charter school?
a public school that receives federal funding but operates independently of the established state school system
Under what conditions are school districts normally held liable when a teacher sexually harasses students?
if they have actual knowledge of discrimination and fail to adequately respond
What has the passage of Common Core done to the number of home-schooled kids?
increased
What is the Feinberg Law?
law which banned anyone who called for the overthrow of the government from working in the school system
What does the existence of a grievance procedure do to a teacher's right to criticize the school system?
limits it
Even though the Constitution grants states the right to be in charge of their school systems, where did the real power and control lie in the early 1800s?
local systems
What do the NEA and AFT think academic freedom and tenure do for teachers?
maintain free speech
Can a teacher be fired for revealing his/her sexual orientation?
no
Are students guaranteed placement if their new choice is a gifted or magnet school?
no, they still need to meet the requirements for that school
Why did the Cleveland parents have to put their children in religious schools?
none of the surrounding school districts were willing to participate in the voucher program
Under NCLB, what must the school do if there are no new schools available after pulling a kid out?
offer tutoring or send the child to another school disctrict
What is a failing school under NCLB?
one that does not make adequate yearly progress
What rules applied to female teachers and how well were they paid?
couldn't get married, not supposed to be seen in public with men; paid less than male teachers
What changed at this time in teacher preparation?
course requirements increased and there was greater monitoring of teacher education programs
What is online/distance learning?
courses where either the instructor is in a different location than the students and/or have the course content developed in, or delivered from, a different location
What is the ESEA currently attempting to do?
created the every student succeeds act (ESSA)
What kind of pay scale do we currently have for most teachers in this country?
democratic pay scale; everyone receives the same salary based on years of experience and level of education
Why might a school system use distance learning instead of on-site teachers?
ease budget problems
What does your text say is the main role of teachers today?
educate workers for the global economy
What did Horace Mann say common schools would do in the 1830s?
eliminate crime and morally reform society
What did a bill in Pennsylvania propose?
eliminate review of home schoolers by local superintendents
How does Race to the Top support test-driven data?
emphasizes new methods for the collection of student test score data to evaluate teachers
What do the NEA and AFT think academic freedom and tenure do for public school teachers?
protect their free speech rights
Through what elected mechanism do communities control public schools?
school board
Why was traditional schooling promoted by common-school reformers?
so that all children would learn to get along with others and obtain a common morality and culture
Why might we want the composition of a board to mirror the racial, gender, ethnic, and income levels of the students in its district?
so that every student is represented in the board
What does the AFT NOT want to see as the sole determinant of pay?
student test scores
How did the NCLB choice plan work?
students in unsafe situations could transfer to other, safer public schools
what kind of contract does a teacher who has taught for 3 years get
tenure/continuing contract
What will happen to a school that cannot attract students?
that school would be forced to either change or shut down
What is a county supplement
the amount of money given to teachers that is left over at the end of the year
What is the Florida Virtual School?
the first state-wide system of K-12 online instruction
What have both unions worked for since 2014?
the implementation of common core, going against market based education, and going against standardized tests being the judgement for students and teachers
If a parent exercises choice, what must be true of the new school?
the new school must have higher academic performance than the old school and may not be identified for improvement
In the 19th and 20th centuries, what restrictions were put on teachers' behaviors, both inside and outside the classroom?
they were supposed to be models of purity
What do we notice about the household incomes and educational attainment of board members nationwide?
typically very high; almost half have more than a bachelor's degree
Under NCLB parents can remove their kids from what two kinds of schools?
unsafe (must be shown to be persistently dangerous or the child must be a victim of a violent crime) or failing school (not making adequate yearly progress)
When it comes to teachers' private lives, what is the guiding principle about the appropriateness of teacher behavior?
whether it interferes with their professional conduct as teachers
What are the three things the courts consider when deciding if teachers have acceptable freedom of speech in the classroom? How does school board policy figure into this?
whether the material used in the classroom and the statements made by the teacher are appropriate for the age of the students, related to the curriculum for the course, and approved by other members of the profession school policy can limit free speech of teachers
How did the Civil War advance women in teaching?
with manpower needed for the war, teaching was left to the women
Aside from nurturing, what did Mann (and others) think was the main reason women ought to be educators?
women were seen to be pure and good and this was essential for someone that was to be teaching morality
Even when groups would permit continued collective bargaining over wages, what items do they not want to see bargained?
working conditions, evaluations, and other non-wage issues
Does the Federal government like the idea of charters?
yes
Was a teacher deemed liable for student injury in Sheehan?
yes
Do home schoolers have social skills?
yes there are groups have provide opportunities to for home schoolers to interact with others
The first major categorical aid programs were the NDEA and the ESEA. What did each of those programs strive to improve?
-NDEA (National Defense Education Act): In the 1950s, Congress targeted funds for specific purposes such as improving mathematics, sciences, and foreign language instruction. -ESEA (1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act): Tied education to national policy objectives; War on Poverty. Title programs came out of this, Title I which supports math and reading support funds. Title I funds to pay specialist.
What do Title VI of the Civil Rights Act and Title IX say will exclude a school from receiving federal funds?
-Title VI states that no person, because of race, color, or national origin, can be excluding from or denied the benefits of any program receiving federal financial assistance. -Title IX states that no person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination in under any education program or activity.
What does Goodman say are some scary things about NCLB?
1. The long and short term effects of NCLB will be devastating for American education....The ultimate goal is to privatize American education. 2. Within a neoconservative movement to privatize all aspects of American society a heavily, funded and well-organized campaign has created NCLB to discredit and destroy public education. 3. NCLB is driving both students and teachers out of education. 4. NCLB centralizes control over every aspect of American education. 5. NCLB defines what is and isn't science. 6. NCLB makes scores on mandatory tests that basis of all major decision making in the schools, including which schools are failing. 7. The law requires busing of pupils from non-improved schools to other schools. 8. NCLB controls who may teach and not teach and how they will be certified. Federal standards are established which take control away from states in the name of assuring qualified teachers in every class. 9. Enforcement of NCLB employs blacklists. A list of who and what conforms and doesn't conform to NCLB criteria is being used to blacklist people. 10. NCLB, the federal law, is unconstitutional as it violates the Constitution, which leaves education to the states.
What are the four categories under which teachers can be held liable for student injuries?
1. teachers injure the student or do not protect the student from injury 2. teachers do not use due care 3. teachers' carelessness results in student injury 4. students sustain provable injuries
What are the nine elements of charter schools?
1. exempt from state mandation 2. created as a public school 3. has a specific set of objectives for students to achieve 4. provides elementary or secondary or both 5. nonreligious 6. does not charge tuition 7. complies with federal non-discriminatory laws 8. parents can choose to send kids here and are accepted on basis of lottery 9. complies with state testing
What is the reasoning about high-stakes testing positively motivating students, teachers, principals, and superintendents?
1. fear of failure will result in studying 2. fear of poor evaluation will keep teachers focused on instruction 3. fear of poor evaluation will keep principals focused on high stakes testing 4. fear of losing their jobs will keep superintendents focused on ensuring good grades in high stakes testing
What things does the AFT say must be considered when setting up a performance based pay?
1. labor-management collaboration 2. adequate base compensation for all teachers 3. credible, agreed-upon standards of practice 4. support for professional development 5. incentives that are available to all teachers 6. sufficient, stable funding 7. necessary support systems
(Lemon case) government aid to religious schools:
1. must have a secular purpose 2. must not inhibit or advance religion 3. must not cause excessive entanglement of government in religion
What are the homeschooling requirements
1. proper qualification 2. must file notice of intent with school board 3. must annually assess 4. must submit certain assessments
What were Friedman's two arguments supporting school choice?
1. public schools were of poor quality because of lack of competition 2. impoverished parents are often trapped in poor school systems because they can't afford to move to better school districts
What three things do all unions seek to gain for workers?
Higher wages, more benefits, and better working conditions
what is alternative school
a choice of nontraditional schooling for students that are unsuccessful in traditional schools
When did licensing exams become pretty much the norm for teachers?
19th century
What is a loyalty oath and when/why were teachers asked to take them?
1920s to the 1950s; teachers were to promote Americanism against the threat of fascist and communist ideas
specific goals for American education in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s
1950s: educate a generation of students to win the technological race 1960s: fight the War on Poverty 1970s: guide students into the labor market
How many students are home schooled in the US?
3.4% of school aged children
How much extra pay does a National Board certificate give you
3500$ a year for 5 years
What is the length of the average teacher work week?
45 hours nationally
What percentage of school funding comes from local, from state, and from Federal sources?
47% from state, 45% from local, and 8% from federal
How many BOE members does each wv school system have
5
What is their racial demographic
68% white
What students are most negatively affected by high stakes testing?
8th and 10th grade students
What is a magnet school
A school with special programs meant to attract students, put restrictions on enrollment
What do teachers not want to see as the sole determinant of pay?
A single test score
What do we mean by the feminization of schooling?
Allowing women in the early 19th century into the classroom to bring their motherly grace into education. He emphasized the importance of these teachers being of pure tastes, good manners, and exemplary morals
What is the AAUP?
American Association of University Professors
What is the AFL-CIO?
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization--the big nationwide mothership to which nearly all unions belong
What is the AAUP?
American association of university professors
What are the four categories of school choice
Any private school between public and private failing school choice low income private school vouchers (not available in WV)
What happened in California when the courts said that children must be taught by someone with a teaching license?
Arnold Schwarzenager stood up for families, saying that they should not be penalized for choosing what is best for their children and the ruling should be overturned
Where do you stand on the issue that testing takes away instructional time? Cite evidence that testing is a big business.
Because testing is such a big business, allowing teachers to receive up to 3k annually for improved test scores, there are more teachers who are concerned with the test scores than actually teaching content for students to learn. It diminishes the quality and the quantity of instructional time significantly because of this.
Why does Betsy DeVos dislike teacher unions?
Because they are the greatest impediment to school choice
Why does the Federal government like the idea of charters?
Because they encourage competition for public schools
Why do the local elite stand the best chance of being elected to school board
Because they have the most power and visibility
Why did the Los Angeles teachers' union protest unrestricted establishment of charter schools? what else did they win in their deal?
Because they were draining money away from public schools. In addition to winning this, they also won A full time nurse for every school and a librarian for every middle and high school
Who did the founders of the AFT think were hurting education?
Big business organizations
What case is the teacher equivalent of Tinker?
Board of Education v. James
Why is traditional schooling promoted by common school reformers
they believe that children should be taught together to learn common morality, culture, and to get along with others
hat does Spring indicate might be a major problem in the literacy area of CCSS?
CCSS increase the amount of nonfiction books read in literacy classes and decrease the amount of fiction books read. This is a problem because it disregards the needs of imaginative learning through fictional books.
What did Horace Mann (the father of American education) believe schools should accomplish and how did he propose they do so?
He believed that common schools should eliminate crime by reforming society morally, which required significant training to moral teachers, and he invited women into the workplace to fill that role
What sorts of other things do high-stakes tests determine for students, for teachers, and for school systems?
High stakes testing can determine the amount of funding a school gets by its adequate yearly progress
What has happened to school revenue from local sources since 1989? from Federal sources?
Decrease in local funding, increase in federal funding
-How might teacher turnover contribute to educational inequality?
Highly successful teachers frequently leave poor schools for better ones, and their replacements are often less-qualified or less-skilled teachers who haven't been employed elsewhere.
What was the purpose of high-stakes testing in NCLB?
High-stakes testing mandated in NCLB provides direct control over student learning, particularly if teachers teach to the test. The NCLB mandates a schedule, target population, and reporting procedure for high-stakes testing and academic standards.
What might be unfair about Denver's merit pay system that rewards teachers for improvement in test scores?
It doesn't take into account the needs of children, high-risk schools, and the efforts that each teacher puts in to bring grades up.
How is academic freedom different in the public school classroom?
You have to consider the age and maturity level of your students
What does the existence of a grievance procedure do to a teacher's right to criticize the school system?
It forces them to exhaust all of these procedures before making any public complaints about an immediate higher up.
What did Milton Friedman say was the problem with public schools
Poor quality because of lack of competition and impoverished families can't afford to move school districts
Why is there so much cheating on these tests?
Possible embarrassment to school personnel when test scores are reported in local newspapers, fear that the school will not meet AYP standards, and fear that the school will be designated for improvements.
What is the problem with offering state tests in native languages?
Potential effect on measurement of AYP, it is complex and costly and If they create tests in only Spanish and English then it would be unfair to other language populations.
How do state standards control curriculum?
Curriculum becomes concerned with meeting the bar of state standards more than anything else
What kind of pay scale do we currently have for most teachers in this country?
Democratic, meaning everyone gets equal pay for equal work.
What does research say about the worth of high-stakes testing?
Doesn't improve achievement and might worse academic performance and increase dropout rates. They find little gain in performance on college entrance examinations by students in high stakes testing states.
Which one (of NDEA and ESEA) do we still frequently see in regular operation and what does it accomplish?
ESEA, seen in low income schools through title one money
How did states originally end up controlling their own public education systems?
Early on there were no constitutional rules for schooling, so it was up to the states
How does this apply to ELL students?
English Language Learners; ELLs can take math and reading tests in their native language for the first 3 years they attend school.
What are high-stakes tests currently being used for?
High-stakes testing means that there are important consequences for students and educators resulting from test performance and also, it appears, for local housing prices. For student, high-stakes tests might determine promotion between grades or graduation from high school. For teachers and school administrators, the results of student test scores cn be used to measure heir performance or determine their alary increase. For individual schools, test results might determine their continued existence.
What has been happening recently with the federal government inserting itself into schooling, and what have been the results of this?
Federal government is taking control of schooling with categorical aid, telling them that they will get money as long as they follow certain rules
What is the Feinberg Law?
Feinberg law was established during the cold war which said that if at any point a teacher was a registered communist, they could be fired from teaching
What rules governed the behavior of female teachers and how well were they paid? Why does Elsbree say that teaching is still a low-paying profession?
Females in the 19th century were paid less than males, and since teaching was a female dominated profession, Elsbree believes that this is why this is still the case. Rules in the 19th century encouraged women to be models of morality for their communities, which meant that they weren't allowed to be married and should not be seen in public with any man but their fathers or brothers.
When does one study suggest that standardized tests might be most effective?
Fourth and eighth grade.
How does a school system's published test scores affect the prices of homes, and how does this have an impact on socioeconomic inequality?
Good schools = higher test scores = more desirability = higher cost of homes Bad schools = lower test scores = low desirability = low cost of homes
What do you notice about the Houston rewards system for teachers and administrators whose students had improved test scores?
In 2006, the Houston BOE approved a 14.5 million program that rewards teachers and administrators according to the scores of their students on standardized tests.
why did Mann approve of women as teachers of young children, even though women of this era traditionally did not work outside the home?
In his words: reason and experience have long since demonstrated that children under the age of 10 and 12 can be more genially taught and more successfully governed by a female teacher than a male teacher
What is meant by the term in loco parentis?
In the place of the parent, meaning that as teachers we are meant to act and care for students as if they were our own children
What are three reasons why schools must assess students who have disabilities?
It is established by law (IDEA and Title I of the ESEA require all students with disabilities to be included in State assessment systems), Students with disabilities benefit instructionally from participation, and to ensure that appropriate resources are dedicated to helping students with disabilities succeed; appropriate measurement of their achievement needs to be part of the accountability system.
Why did NCLB cause a jump in the amount of classroom testing and what were the consequences of this?
It was an effort to bring all students to the same level academically, and it caused teachers to focus on comprehension and teaching to the test rather than learning
Where did the real power and control of schooling lie in the nineteenth century (1800s)?
It went from local control to state, bureaucratic control
What is the difference between Peak to Peak and KIPP academy charter schools?
KIPP is geared toward low-income students and Peak to Peak provides liberal arts curriculum for a relatively elite student body
Who is responsible for local control of schools and how are they chosen
Local school boards are elected
What kinds of issues prompted the teacher strikes in WV, KY, AZ and OK?
Low teacher salaries and a decline in state school funding
What has job satisfaction been like for teachers and principals recently?
Lowest in the last 25 years
How do teachers stack up nationally in terms of salary?
Make less than other professionals with 4 year degrees
What term did we discuss in class which is the same thing as performance-based pay?
Merit based pay and differentiated pay
What is Denver doing to decide who gets pay raises?
Merit pay system using student achievement plan; Method: is for pay hikes to be based on student academic growth as measured by test scores.
What do we mean by categorical aid?
Money provided to support specific federal programs and legislation such as NCLB.
What are the names of the two teachers unions?
National Education Association (NEA) American Federation of Teachers (AFT) Both go to great lengths to support teachers and schools
What is the NDEA and ESEA and what do they aim to do
National defense of education association improves curriculum for math, science, and foreign language in the onset of the cold war. The Elementary and secondary education act targets low income families to improve reading and math.
How did the NEA lose some of its leadership mojo in 1958?
National education policy was delegated to the federal government
What would be the benefit of having national standards for education?
National standards would make it possible to link a national data bank of student test scores to individual teachers and eventually to the institutions that trained each teacher. These data could be used to evaluate teacher education programs.
Where does WV stand on charter schools?
No stance
And the big question: does this sort of testing actually boost students' chances of being competitive in a world-wide job market?
None of the studies thoroughly explore the answer to this question, and it would be difficult to conclude with different factors that go into a person's life
What was the generic name given to teacher-training institutions and when was the first one opened?
Normal schools, which he established in 1839
How has this influenced the amount of federal control over schooling?
Once the state or local school districts accept deferral money, then they have to accept the regulations and requirements that accompany the program. Most states and local school systems find it difficult to refuse the money provided by the federal government. The federal government has increased its influence over local schools despite the fact that the actual amount of money from federal sources is only a small percentage of the money local schools spend on students.
When it comes to teachers' private lives, what is the guiding principle about the appropriateness of teacher behavior?
Only share information that you are comfortable sharing
What did one school in Alabama do when their low scores put them in danger of being taken over by the state?
Orel discovered that schools in Birmingham had administratively withdrawn 522 students just before the state tests were administered.
What happened in the palmer case?
Palmer was a case in which a teacher refused to teach content on the curriculum for religious reasons, and the school won in that case. The only reasonable way you can exercise your right to your conscience is when it doesn't interfere with the educational process.
What are two examples of network charter schools
Peak to peak (rich and white) and KIPP (poor and black)
What political party is most fond of school choice and why
Republicans, because school choice breeds competition and that breeds better products
What can the education chair do
Shape morality, control behavior, teach any subject
Do most teachers approve of this plan?
Some worry that testing is taking away from instructional time.
What is the definition of a highly-qualified teacher?
Someone who has a higher licensure and meets the appropriate credentials
What is Race to the Top and what are its primary goals?
Specific criteria that states had to meet to get funds from the stimulus package: Adopting international benchmarked standards and assessments that prepare students for success in college and the workplace, recruiting, developing, retaining, and rewarding effective teachers and principals, building data systems that measure student success and inform teachers and principals how they can improve their practices, and turning around the lowest performing schools. The goal of Race to the Top funds was to shape state education policies to meet the requirements of federal guidelines.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, what restrictions were put on teachers' behaviors, both inside and outside the classroom?
Teachers were expected to be models of purity and could be fired for political or religious reasons
How does Arne Duncan interpret where we have previously failed in identifying highly-qualified teachers? Note the use of the term tenure here.
Tenure and security rules keep lazy people from losing their jobs
What does the last paragraph of the test section on 234 say are consequences of high-stakes testing?
Test coaching centers/crazy; schools use high-stakes testing for accountability.
What did a Pennsylvania law propose for homeschooling
That homeschooling families be exempt from review of local superintendents
Which union got collective bargaining first, and how did the bargaining positions of the two unions differ?
The AFT won collective bargaining first, influencing the NEA. AFT was more union oriented. NEA called it professional negotiation and AFT called it collective barganing. To the NEA, this meant that they would be delegating the negotiation part of it to someone else.
What did Pickering say about teachers' rights to criticize the school system?
The Pickering court case determined that teachers had the right to peacefully protest the decisions and events of public authorities without taking heat from it.
Why was the SAT (College Board) recently in trouble? Note who is running things there and how much he makes?
The SAT allowed scoring sheets to be damaged by moisture. 4,411 test takers had scores reported to colleges lower than they should have been.
What is academic freedom?
The basic idea that if a teacher believes that a topic is important for the next generation to know, they have the right to talk about it in class
What problems does Spring say we need to resolve as we continue to look at high stakes testing?
The cost, the effect on students from low income families, the increased residential segregation based on test scores, cheating, teaching to the test, evaluations of teachers and school admins, etc
Ingraham V Wright.
The court case that designated that corporal punishment is okay, leaving it up to each state to determine whether or not they allow it.
What was the major accomplishment of the NEA's Committee of Ten?
The development of the high school
How did Mann define the idea of common schooling?
The early concept of what is now our public education system: a building in which students go to learn and teachers are paid by the government to teach
What is the florida virtual school
The first attempt to have online schooling, students in florida can take unlimited high school classes per year and graduate for free in 2 years, nonfloridans have to pay 900$
What is a free market system
The idea that competition will produce the best products
How did the professionalization of teaching happen? What did most normal schools become in the 1930s? What additions to teacher education happened at this time?
The professionalization of teaching happened when teachers went from only needing to take a test to needing more certification to teach. The dependance on teacher education increased and led to the expansion of normal schools and colleges of education.
What powers did the states retain?
The state still determines academic standards and testing programs. The state must submit a plan.
What do some people say are the good things that happen when students are afraid of failing a high-stakes test?
The threat of failing; reasoning: fear of failure will cause students to study, worried about their evaluations by school administrators, teachers will focus on instruction to keep their students from performing poorly on high-stakes test, worried about their evaluations, principals will work to ensure that teachers prepare students for high-stakes tests, worried about their jobs and public images, superintendents will work to ensure that each school receives high test scores by preparing principals and teachers to ready their students for testing.
By 1925, what had the NEA accomplished?
The training of teachers became systemically standardized, which is a direct result of the NEA
Did it completely turn NCLB into a federally controlled program?
Theoretically, NCLB balances federal and state power by allowing states to determine their own academic standards and testing programs. However, using categorical aid provided by legislation, the federal government is able to require states to implement a range of activities including creating academic standards and testing programs, requiring public reporting of test sources, identifying and improving schools failing to meet adequate yearling progress...
What is one big concern about ESEA's collection of student data? why is it being collected?
They are concerned that the collection of student data for comparison to other students nationally invites the possibility for hackers to access information about test scores and even student characteristics
Despite AFT's national no-strike policy, how/when/why did they officially begin striking?
They began their first strike in 1947 new york for a higher salary, considered one of the worst strikes in history
What have both democrat and republican parties done to upset unions?
They have supported the revision of state teacher tenure and dismissal laws
How do teacher unions feel about home schooling
They think that children should be taught by someone licensed by the government
As the country became more urban and immigration increased, how did the image of teachers change and what were teachers expected to do besides teach content?
They went from protector of morality to that of social welfare worker and vocational trainer
How did Feinberg affect teachers' jobs in the 1950s and how is that different from the more recent Keyshian decision?
This meant that even non-practicing communists could be fired from the job simply for believing in something, and this was overturned by Keyshian, which said that no teacher could be fired simply for holding a set of beliefs and committing no crimes.
What are the three ways politics control schools
Voting for representatives Voting for school boards Parents voting with their feet through school choice
Even though the NEA tried to distance itself from unionism, when did it become apparent that it WAS one?
When it joined the coilition of american public employees (CAPE) in the 1970s.
Can tests for students with disabilities be given tests in which standards are modified?
Yes. The guidelines allow states to use modified standards and tests
To what degree might this be contributing to segregation?
a great deal
What is WVPE's symbol; why were they organized?
a hand held school bell, they were organized because they were against striking
What is a superintendent paid
a little over 100k a year
What is the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), and some upsides and downsides to it?
a national effort to ensure a high quality education across the board. It makes it easy to compare students, but it is difficult because it does not take into account the readiness of certain subjects with different areas and schools
What is a voucher?
a paper given by the government to a low-income family to purchase an education for their children at any school; the school turns the voucher in to the government for reimbursement
What happens if a parent wants a child out of a failing/unsafe school and there is no alternative available?
a parent must be offered the option of supplemental services such as tutoring, and/or the school system can make a cooperative agreement with another school district to receive choice students
What is a normal school and when was the first one established?
a teacher-training institution; 1839
What is open enrollment
allowing students to enroll in the school of their choice rather than sending them to school based on where they live
What is meant by school choice?
allows parents to select a school for their children
what kind of contract does a new teacher get
probationary contract
What has to be in place before a school system can legally conduct drug testing on teachers?
an identified problem of drug abuse
What happened to the normal school in the 1930s?
became college and university departments of education
Why does your text say that teaching is in crisis?
because of media blaming teachers for school failure, the increased requirements for certification, the deskilling of teachers, attacks on teachers unions, and evaluating teachers on student test scores
Why do some people say that vouchers should never be used to send children to private religious schools?
because they believe it was in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
How do teacher unions feel about home schooling?
believe that those teaching children should be certified by the government
Even when groups would permit continued collective bargaining over wages, what items do they not want to see bargained?
benefits and working conditions
Why did Milton Friedman advocate for school choice?
declared public schools were monopolies and suggested that competition would break the monopoly and improve quality
What is happening to enrollment in programs that train teachers?
declining
Why do fundamentalist and liberal parents dislike public schools?
feel they are immoral and irreligious
How has the role of teachers changed over the years?
first, a role of morality then, Americanizer of immigrants then, protector against fascism and communism then, warrior against poverty now, a champion of global economy
What limitations did Pickering put on teachers' criticisms of immediate supervisors?
for this teachers could be fired
what are the four things that can get a teacher with tenure fired
insubordination incompetence immorality intemperance
How successful are charter schools?
it is hard to conclude since there is such a variety
What happened in California when the courts said that children must be taught by someone with a teaching license?
it was met with hostility and overturned
What did Zelman (the Ohio Pilot Project Scholarship Program) as well as Mueller, say about using vouchers for private religious schools?
it was not in violation of the Constitution because vouchers are available for all parents no matter where their children attend school
How do these numbers compare to the KIPP Academies demographics?
many more students are from low-income families
What is categorical aid and how does it give the Federal government power over state and local systems?
money that the government gives to schools for NCLB, pays them as long as they follow NCLB rules
What three things does the education chair's operator control?
moral instruction, shaping behavior, transmitting knowledge
Are more or fewer low-income students attending charter schools in 2011-12 than in 2001-02?
more
What do we notice about the racial and gender composition of most school boards?
more males; majority are white
What are the four different types of choice plans and how do we define each?
public school choice: freedom to choose any public school in district or state public-private choice: freedom to choose between a public or private school failing-school choice: parents of students in failing schools not making adequate yearly progress can choose another school for their children low-income private school vouchers: taxpayer dollars are used to pay for all/part of the cost of private school for low-income families
Why do parents choose to home school?
religious convictions, positive social environment, academic excellence, specific needs of the child, curriculum choice, flexibility
Why might parents choose to homeschool?
religious, political, cultural, special needs reasons
What executive officer does this body appoint?
superintendent
How does the STO plan work?
taxpayers receive a tax credit for making contributions to school tuition organizations, then these STOs can give grants to students to attend schools
What did Pickering say about teachers' rights to criticize the school system?
teachers could not be dismissed for criticizing the school system
As the country became more urban and immigration increased, how did the image of teachers change and what were teachers expected to do besides teach content?
teachers were seen as social welfare workers; they were supposed to fight problems such as drugs and crime as well as prepare workers for the modern factory
What is the major problem with demographics in the Peak schools?
their demographics do not match those of other charter schools
How do the courts decide whether or not government programs support of education benefits religion? (Lemon)
the program: must have a secular purpose must not inhibit or advance religion must not cause excessive entanglement of government in religion
What is Elsbree's theory about why teaching is still a low-paying profession?
the second-class citizenship of women made it possible for them to be paid low salaries and that low salary has just remained
Who is Betsy DeVos?
the secretary of education, against teacher unions and religious schools
