chapter 9 history
Louis XVI
- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. him and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Robespierre
A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
the great powers had the right to send armies into countries under revolution to restore legitimate monarchs.
According to the principles of intervention
Napoleon's Bureaucracy
Assigned people based on ability, not rank or wealth.
Economic crisis in France
Caused by bad harvests, deficit spending, and costly wars.
Serving in the French military
During most of the French Revolution (1789-1799), Napoleon was
the Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
Foreign Intervention during the french revolution.
European monarchs watched the developments in France and considered whether they should intervene in support of Louis XVI or to take advantage of the chaos in France.France preemptively declared war on Austria, and Prussia joined on the Austrian side a few weeks later.
Declaration of rights of Men
French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens
National assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Napoleon's Grand Empire
French empire; composed of three parts: the French Empire (the inner core of the grand empire), the dependent states (under the rule of Napoleon's relatives) and allied states (those defeated by Napoleon)
Napoleon's Civil Code
Ideals of the Enlightenment and from the French Revolution, all French men are equal, everyone has freedom of religion, protected property rights, workers are inferior to employers, men are superior to women (heads of family), women lost their rights
Principles of French Revolution
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Enlightenment philosophies
Many aristocrats and members of the bourgeoisie were attracted to ____________________, some of which criticized France's absolutist system.
recognized Catholicism as the majority religion of France.
Napoleon's agreement with the Catholic Church
the coalition of other European states and the force of nationalism.
Napoleon's empire collapsed because of
the consulate
Napoleon's new government after 1799
Civil Code
Napoleon's unified system of law
Nationalism
Nationalism unique cultural identity of a people
left people unable to purchase essential goods, such as food.
One economic cause of the French Revolution was an increase in prices, which
given to those Napoleon favored but taken away when they fell out of favor.
Promotion within Napoleon's new bureaucracy was
counter revolutionaries and traitors.
The Reign of Terror set up revolutionary courts to prosecute
retreating hundreds of miles and burning their own villages and countryside
The Russians defeated Napoleon's Grand Army by
were a victory for those who believed in conservatism.
The arrangements worked out at the Congress of Vienna
Napoleon's Collapse
The survival of Great Britain and nationalism
Napoleonic code
This was the civil code put out that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
Battle of Waterloo
This was where Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler
It drafted a new constitution and served as the governing body.
What were the key functions of the newly elected National Convention?
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch Republic
Which countries formed a coalition against France after the execution of Louis XVI?
The nobility still treated peasants in a manner similar to medieval serfdom.
Which of the following caused social unrest in France?
The peasants were afraid that foreign troops would support the monarchy, whose policies were causing their food shortages.
Why did the peasants' fear of foreign invasion help bring down the French government?
taille
a land tax that hurt the Third Estate most
elector
a person qualified to vote in an election
Coup d'état
a sudden overthrow of the government
coup d'état
a sudden overthrow of the government
Napoleon's agreement with the Catholic Church
acknowledged Catholicism while maintaining religious tolerance
Constitution of 1791
all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legislative Assembly, absolute monarchy is abolished, forcing the king to obey created by the French revolution
Napoleon's Civil Code treated women
as legal equals to men.
Unrest in France
bad harvest, high prices, high taxes, questions raised by philosophers
conservation
belief in tradition and social stability
liberalism
belief that people should be free from government restraint
allied states
countries defeated by Napoleon and forced to join his struggle against Britain
Napoleon's Grand army
defeated the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies. nationalism was a major role in deafition. was defeated by the Russians when the Russians burned their own villages and countryside, so the French army didn't have any food, shelter and fuel.
Congress of Vienna and Results
diminished the size and the power of France, increased power of Britain and Prussia, Nationalism began to spread in Italy, Germany, Greece, and to other areas that the Congress had put under foreign control, Spanish colonies took advantage of the events in Europe to declare their independence and break away from Spain, people saw democracy as the best way to ensure equality and justice for all
Rebellions of 1789
during this, the French peasants were reacting to the high cost of bread, hight taxes, and political inequality
Directory
executive under the Constitution of 1795
In 1799, Robespierre toppled the Directory in a coup d'état
false
In France in 1789, the National Assembly determined that under the new regime bishops and priests would be appointed by the pope.
false
Napoleon's Grand Empire consisted of the French Empire, dependent states, and monarchies.
false
Napoleon's invasion of Russia marks the end of the Reign of Terror?
false
The Directory is a key document of the French Revolution that outlines the basic rights and freedoms of citizens.
false
The Napoleonic Code gave women more rights than they had during the Reign of Terror
false
The Waterloo was a prison that was attacked at the outset of the French Revolution.
false
The bourgeoisie belonged to the lower class.
false
What was Napoleon's job during the French Revolution?
first consul of France
Principles of Intervention
idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments
dependent states
kingdoms ruled by Napoleon's
Catholic church and the French Revolution
known as the Gallican Church, recognised the authority of the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church but had negotiated certain liberties that privileged the authority of the French monarch, giving it a distinct national identity characterized by considerable autonomy.
Duke of Wellington
led British and Prussian armies' defeat of Napoleon
Convention
meeting
Klemens von Metternich
most influential leader at Congress of Vienna
National Assembly
name taken by the Third Estate with he promise to draft a new constitution
18th Century Enlightenment
non-religious European intellectual movement that believed in Natural Law and wanted to destroy the gloomy Calvinist thought
Reign of Terror
policies of the Committee of Public Safety to defend France from domestic threats
Under Robespierre, the Convention pursued a policy of de-Christianization because its
religion encouraged superstition rather than the use of reason.
First Estate
social class made up of French clergy
bourgeoisie
the French middle class
Bourgeoisie
the French middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Estates-General
the French parliament
Social order in Europe
the first estate, or clergy, who pray for the souls of the others; the second estate, the nobility, who protect the others from violence; and the third estate, or peasantry, who work to provide food for everyone.
the Mountain
the political club that was most influential in passing the decree to condemn Louis XVI
Promotion under Napoleon
three factors had played into it- talent, merit, and election by the troops. he did away with this last criteria, while keeping the first two. He kept tight control not only over the criteria for promotion but over many of the individual promotions.
Led by Robespierre, the Paris Commune pressured the National Convention to adopt more radical measures.
true
Of the seven legal codes established by Napoleon, the most important was the equality of law.
true
The execution of Louis XVI ushered in the Reign of Terror?
true
The new order that emerged from the French Revolution emphasized loyalty to the nation rather than to the monarch.
true
The rise of nationalism contributed to the collapse of Napoleon's Grand Empire.
true
When Louis XVI was deposed, European leaders threatened to use force to restore the monarchy.
true
nationalism
unique cultural identity of a people
Napoleon set out to conquer Egypt, but ended up abandoning his troops there.
which of the following statements about Napoleon is true?
