Chapter 9: Joint Classifications
How are joints classified?
They are classified based upon their anatomy (structural) or by how much movement the joint permits (functional)
Functional classification: joints that are slightly movable
amphiarthroses
Is a symphyses a diarthroses, synarthroses, or amphiarthroses?
amphiarthroses
Is a syndesmoses a synarthroses, diarthroses, or amphiarthroses?
amphiarthroses
Movements: when your thumb points laterally
supination
Movements: take a body part away from the midline
ABduction
Movements: take the body part toward the midline
ADduction
The cartilaginous joint lacks a synovial and allows little or no movement. The articulating bones are held together by either ___ or ____ cartilage
hyaline or fibrous
Movements: past the normal extension
hyperextension
Give an example of a synarthroses, an amphiarthroses, and a diarthoses
1. suture 2. pubic symphysis 3. synovial joints
All synovial joints possess the same basic structure, what are the two components?
1. articular cartilage 2. articular capsule
THe structural classification of joints depends on what two factors?
1. the presence or absence of space between the articulating bones called a synovial cavity 2. the particular type of connective tissue that holds the articulating bones together
Structural classification: bone- joints that lack a synovial cavity such as the sutures in the head
Fibrous joints (bone-->fibrous connective tissue-->bone)
Movements: side to side movement for the two bones
Gliding
Fibrous joints lack a synovial cavity and are held together by fibrous connective tissue. How much movement do they allow?
Little to none
Movements: turn around the long axis (medal/midline or lateral)
Rotation
What type of joint is this? A fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones of the skull
Suture (fibrous joint)
A fibrous joint in which there is a large amount of fibrous tissue between the bones.
Syndesmoses
Functional classification: freely movable joints
diarthroses
A syndesmoses is a connective tissue arranged as a ligament or _____ membrane (long sheet). Where can you find a sheet?
interosseous; between the fibula and tibia and between the radius and ulna
Movements: when you face the sole of the foot medially
inversion
All synovial joints possess a ___ ____ (filled with synovial fluid) and ____?
joint cavity and accessory ligaments and articular discs or menisci
Intercarpal or intertarsal joints
planar
Movements: pointing your toe
plantar flexion
What are joints?
points of contact between two bones correctly termed arteries or articulations
carpometacarpal joint
saddle
In a gomphoses, the Connective tissue holding the joint together is the ____ ligament
peiodontal ligament (alveolar process-->periodontal ligament-->tooth)
____ joints have a space between the two articulating bones called the synovial cavity making them freely movable (diarthroses)
synovial
Structural classification: joints that possess a synovial cavity and the following characters: articular cartilage, fibrous articular capsule, joint cavity, an reinforcing ligaments
synovial joints
Movements: touch the thumb to all the other fingers of the hand
opposition
What are the 5 sutures in the skull?
1. coronal 2. lambdoid 3. sagittal 4. pterion 5. squamous
shoulder joint
ball and socket
Structural classification: joints that lack a synovial cavity such as the pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joints Bone-->cartilage-->bone)
Movements: make a circle with the body part
circumduction
radiocarpal joint
condylar
Movements: pulling the toe towards the shin
dorsal flexion
Movements: when the sole of the foot faces laterally (very little eversion that you can do compared to inversion)
eversion
Movements: increase in the angle between the articulating bones, e.g., elbow
extension
Movements: decrease in the angle between the articulating bones, e.g., elbow
flexion
The ___ is arranged as a peg in a socket. The teeth and the ___ of the mandible and maxillae are the only examples of these bones in the body.
gomphosis; alveoli
This type of synchondrosis joint is temporary fusing to form an epiphyseal growth line in adulthood (found in the metaphyses)
growth plates
Elbow joint
hinge
atlanto-axial and radioulnar joints
pivot
Movements: when your thumb points medially
pronation
What are some examples of symphyses?
pubic bones and intervertebral discs
An articulation in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but the joint is held together by a fibrocartilaginous disc
symphyses
Synchondroses or symphyses? bone-->fibrocartilage-->bone
symphyses
Are sutures a synarthroses, diarthroses, or amphiarthroses?
synarthroses
Functional classification: joints that are immovable
synarthroses
Is a gomphoses a synarthroses, diarthroses, or amphiarthroses?
synarthroses
Is a synchondroses a diarthroses, amphiarthroses, or synarthoses?
synarthroses
A cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage is the connecting material
synchondroses
Synchondroses or symphyses? bone-->hyaline cartilage-->bone
synchondroses
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
In some cases these joints will fuse to form a single bone and then the joint is called a ______
synostosis