Chapter 9: Joint Classifications

How are joints classified?

They are classified based upon their anatomy (structural) or by how much movement the joint permits (functional)

Functional classification: joints that are slightly movable

amphiarthroses

Is a symphyses a diarthroses, synarthroses, or amphiarthroses?

amphiarthroses

Is a syndesmoses a synarthroses, diarthroses, or amphiarthroses?

amphiarthroses

Movements: when your thumb points laterally

supination

Movements: take a body part away from the midline

ABduction

Movements: take the body part toward the midline

ADduction

The cartilaginous joint lacks a synovial and allows little or no movement. The articulating bones are held together by either ___ or ____ cartilage

hyaline or fibrous

Movements: past the normal extension

hyperextension

Give an example of a synarthroses, an amphiarthroses, and a diarthoses

1. suture 2. pubic symphysis 3. synovial joints

All synovial joints possess the same basic structure, what are the two components?

1. articular cartilage 2. articular capsule

THe structural classification of joints depends on what two factors?

1. the presence or absence of space between the articulating bones called a synovial cavity 2. the particular type of connective tissue that holds the articulating bones together

Structural classification: bone- joints that lack a synovial cavity such as the sutures in the head

Fibrous joints (bone-->fibrous connective tissue-->bone)

Movements: side to side movement for the two bones

Gliding

Fibrous joints lack a synovial cavity and are held together by fibrous connective tissue. How much movement do they allow?

Little to none

Movements: turn around the long axis (medal/midline or lateral)

Rotation

What type of joint is this? A fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones of the skull

Suture (fibrous joint)

A fibrous joint in which there is a large amount of fibrous tissue between the bones.

Syndesmoses

Functional classification: freely movable joints

diarthroses

A syndesmoses is a connective tissue arranged as a ligament or _____ membrane (long sheet). Where can you find a sheet?

interosseous; between the fibula and tibia and between the radius and ulna

Movements: when you face the sole of the foot medially

inversion

All synovial joints possess a ___ ____ (filled with synovial fluid) and ____?

joint cavity and accessory ligaments and articular discs or menisci

Intercarpal or intertarsal joints

planar

Movements: pointing your toe

plantar flexion

What are joints?

points of contact between two bones correctly termed arteries or articulations

carpometacarpal joint

saddle

In a gomphoses, the Connective tissue holding the joint together is the ____ ligament

peiodontal ligament (alveolar process-->periodontal ligament-->tooth)

____ joints have a space between the two articulating bones called the synovial cavity making them freely movable (diarthroses)

synovial

Structural classification: joints that possess a synovial cavity and the following characters: articular cartilage, fibrous articular capsule, joint cavity, an reinforcing ligaments

synovial joints

Movements: touch the thumb to all the other fingers of the hand

opposition

What are the 5 sutures in the skull?

1. coronal 2. lambdoid 3. sagittal 4. pterion 5. squamous

shoulder joint

ball and socket

Structural classification: joints that lack a synovial cavity such as the pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joints Bone-->cartilage-->bone)

Movements: make a circle with the body part

circumduction

radiocarpal joint

condylar

Movements: pulling the toe towards the shin

dorsal flexion

Movements: when the sole of the foot faces laterally (very little eversion that you can do compared to inversion)

eversion

Movements: increase in the angle between the articulating bones, e.g., elbow

extension

Movements: decrease in the angle between the articulating bones, e.g., elbow

flexion

The ___ is arranged as a peg in a socket. The teeth and the ___ of the mandible and maxillae are the only examples of these bones in the body.

gomphosis; alveoli

This type of synchondrosis joint is temporary fusing to form an epiphyseal growth line in adulthood (found in the metaphyses)

growth plates

Elbow joint

hinge

atlanto-axial and radioulnar joints

pivot

Movements: when your thumb points medially

pronation

What are some examples of symphyses?

pubic bones and intervertebral discs

An articulation in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but the joint is held together by a fibrocartilaginous disc

symphyses

Synchondroses or symphyses? bone-->fibrocartilage-->bone

symphyses

Are sutures a synarthroses, diarthroses, or amphiarthroses?

synarthroses

Functional classification: joints that are immovable

synarthroses

Is a gomphoses a synarthroses, diarthroses, or amphiarthroses?

synarthroses

Is a synchondroses a diarthroses, amphiarthroses, or synarthoses?

synarthroses

A cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage is the connecting material

synchondroses

Synchondroses or symphyses? bone-->hyaline cartilage-->bone

synchondroses

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses and symphyses

In some cases these joints will fuse to form a single bone and then the joint is called a ______

synostosis