Chapter 9 Khan Academy

Selective incorporation is best defined as which of the following?

The constitutional doctrine that applies some, but not all, protections of the Bill of Rights to the states and to all levels of government

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of civil liberties and civil rights? Civil liberties-Civil rights A Freedom from racial discrimination-Right to vote B Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure-Freedom of religion C Freedom of assembly-Freedom from gender discrimination D Right to privacy-Right to a fair court trial

Comparison C

"Race-based action necessary to further a compelling governmental interest does not violate the Equal Protection Clause so long as it is narrowly tailored to further that interest. Context matters when reviewing such action. Not every decision influenced by race is equally objectionable, and strict scrutiny is designed to provide a framework for carefully examining the importance and the sincerity of the government's reasons for using race in a particular context." -Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing for the Court in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument?

The Constitution does not always forbid decisions based on race

"The District's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of "arms" that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self-defense." Associate Justice Scalia, majority opinion in D.C. vs Heller (2008), source: Justia In its D.C. vs Heller ruling, the Court struck down a handgun ban in Washington, D.C. In which Supreme Court ruling was the Second Amendment right to bear arms first incorporated to the states?

McDonald v. Chicago

Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to the topic of the cartoon?

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of civil rights?

The rights of individuals against discrimination based on their race, sex, or other demographic characteristics

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Gideon v. Wainwright(1963)-Roe v. Wade (1973) A Incorporated a right to legal counsel in capital cases-Incorporated a right to privacy to the states B Decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor or indigent-Decided that the right to privacy extended to a woman's right to have an abortion C Ruled that state laws were supreme to national laws-Limited the power of the state government to regulate abortion D Declared that the state had violated the Sixth Amendment-Declared that the state had violated the Third Amendment

Comparison B

In 1993, the Supreme Court struck down the formation of North Carolina's 12th congressional district (shown in pink) in Shaw v. Reno (1993). Which of the following best explains why the court ruled against North Carolina?

North Carolina formed an oddly-shaped district that was a majority-minority district

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)-Roe v. Wade (1973) A Incorporated a right to legal counsel in capital cases-Incorporated a right to privacy to the states B Decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor or indigent-Decided that the right to privacy extended to a woman's right to have an abortion C Ruled that state laws were supreme to national laws-Limited the power of the state government to regulate abortion D Declared that the state had violated the Sixth Amendment-Declared that the state had violated the Third Amendment

Comparison B

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Roe v. Wade (1973)-Brown v. Board of Education (1954) A Bolstered the power of the states-Bolstered the power of the federal government B Ruled that symbolic speech is protected by the First Amendment-Ruled that legislative redistricting must ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act C Ruled on the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment-Ruled on the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment D Extended the right to privacy to a woman's decision to have an abortion-Ruled that compelling Amish students to attend school beyond the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause

Comparison C

In the 1960s, Connecticut had a law prohibiting counselors from providing advice to married couples on how to prevent pregnancy. The Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut disobeyed this law and was arrested. In 1965, the Supreme Court heard the case and ruled that protections in the Bill of Rights implies that people have a right to privacy. Which of the following constitutional provisions does the case described in the scenario have in common with Roe v. Wade (1973)?

The due process clause

Based on previous rulings, which of the following scenarios would the Supreme Court most likely rule violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

The state of Illinois creates an all-black congressional district

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Roe v. Wade (1973)-McDonald v. Chicago (2010) A Used the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause to extend the right to privacy to a woman's decision to have an abortion-Incorporated the Second Amendment through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause B Decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor or indigent-Applied the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" to the states C Decided that the right to privacy extended to a woman's right to have an abortion-Ruled that political spending by corporations is a form of protected speech D Limited the power of state governments to regulate abortion-Ruled that legislative redistricting must be conscious of race

Comparison A

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Brown v. Board of Education (1954)-Roe v. Wade (1973) A Incorporated the right to vote to the states-Incorporated the right to privacy to the states B Decided that segregation in schools violates the equal protection clause-Decided that the right to privacy extends to a woman's right to have an abortion C Authorized states to create separate facilities based on race as long as they were equal-Limited the power of state governments to regulate abortion D Declared that the state had violated the Fourteenth Amendment-Declared that the state had violated the Sixth Amendment

Comparison B

In 1890, Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for black people and for white people. Homer Plessy took a seat in a "whites only" train. He refused to move to the car reserved for black people and was arrested. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court ruled in a 7-1 vote to uphold the Louisiana law. Which of the following constitutional clauses does this case have in common with Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

The equal protection clause

"No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family . . . It would misunderstand these men and women to say they disrespect the idea of marriage. Their plea is that they do respect it, respect it so deeply that they seek to find its fulfillment for themselves. Their hope is not to be condemned to live in loneliness, excluded from one of civilization's oldest institutions. They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right." -Justice Anthony Kennedy, majority opinion in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Marriage is a fundamental right under the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses

"In ... [certain] cases, immunities that are valid as against the federal government by force of the specific pledges of particular amendments have been found to be implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, and thus, through the Fourteenth Amendment, become valid as against the states." Associate Justice Cardozo, majority opinion in Palko v. Connecticut (1937). Source: Justia Justice Cardozo argues here that certain rights protected at the federal level also apply at the state level through the Fourteenth Amendment. Which clause is used to support Cardozo's argument?

The due process clause

Based on the information in the graphic, which of the following claims would an opponent of the ruling in Roe v. Wade most likely make?

43% of Americans believe that abortion is morally wrong

Affirmative action is best defined as which of the following?

A policy benefiting those who tend to suffer from discrimination or are members of a historically disadvantaged group

Based on previous rulings, the Supreme Court is most likely to view a case concerning which of the following as a violation of the Sixth Amendment?

A Court refuses to provide a defendant a lawyer even though she cannot afford one

Which of the following scenarios is an example of how a state may constitutionally limit free speech at a protest demonstration?

Antoni starts yelling for other protestors to light buildings on fire and the police arrest him

Which of the following Supreme Court Cases ruled that "separate but equal" public schools are a violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools (1971), the Supreme Court held that schools could assign students to schools outside of their district to achieve racial balances. Which of the following cases did the Court use as precedent in their decision?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

"An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. This is difference made legal. On the other hand, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow, and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal." -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1963. Supporters of King's view that just laws treat the majority and minority the same could point to which of the following Supreme Court cases?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

"As this Court's cases have made clear, however, the compelling interest that justifies consideration of race in college admissions is not an interest in enrolling a certain number of minority students. Rather, a university may institute a race-conscious admissions program as a means of obtaining 'the educational benefits that flow from student body diversity'. . . . "Increasing minority enrollment may be instrumental to these educational benefits, but it is not, as petitioner seems to suggest, a goal that can or should be reduced to pure numbers. " Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy, opinion of the court in Fisher v. University of Texas (2013) Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Colleges and universities should be allowed to use race as a factor in admissions

In the 1960s and 1970s, women began protesting gender discrimination in colleges and universities, such as unequal scholarship allocation to men's sports and women's sports. Which of the following statements describes how Congress responded to this situation?

Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

The exclusionary rule can best be described as which of the following?

Evidence obtained without a search warrant is subject to being excluded from use at a trial to convict someone

Which of the following accurately describes the information presented in the pie charts?

Female athletes represented a larger proportion of total high school athletes in 2011-2012 than in 1971-1972

Which of the following scenarios would likely be considered an unconstitutional use of state power under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Florida passes a law denying legal counsel to suspected terrorists

The "public safety" exception to the Miranda rule can best be defined as which of the following?

It allows the police to perform unwarned interrogation to stand as direct evidence in court if the information will help protect the public

In 1961, the Supreme Court heard a case in which the police entered into a residence without a warrant looking for a suspect thought to be hiding in the house. While searching for the suspect, the police found illegal pornographic material. The police arrested the homeowner and she was convicted in state court of possessing pornography. The Court decided to throw out the conviction because the police did not produce a search warrant, violating the right of the accused to be protected against an unreasonable search and seizure. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of this decision?

It applied the Fourth Amendment to the states through the incorporation doctrine

In 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon stood trial in Florida, accused of robbing a pool hall. Gideon was poor and could not afford a lawyer. He requested that the court provide one for him, but Florida only provided lawyers for defendants accused of capital offenses. The Supreme Court decided to throw out the conviction because lawyers were necessary to ensure a fair trial. The Court ruled that states must provide counsel to defendants too poor to afford lawyers or they are violating the constitutional right to legal counsel. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of this decision?

It applied the Sixth Amendment to the states through the incorporation doctrine

Based on the information in the pie charts, which of the following best summarizes the effect of Title IX?

It created more opportunities for female athletes to participate in sports

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Roe v. Wade (1973) decision?

It incorporated a woman's right to privacy when having an abortion to state and local governments

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the McDonald v. Chicago (2010) decision?

It incorporated an individual's right to bear arms for self-defense and made it apply to state and local governments

Which of the following statements best explains why the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a significant political event?

It prohibited discrimination in public places, employment, and voting

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision?

It protected African-American rights to attend any public school and ruled that race-based school segregation unconstitutional

Which of the following statements best explains why the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a significant political event?

It removed structural barriers to minority voting

In 1890, Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for black people and for white people. Homer Plessy took a seat in a "whites only" train. He refused to move to the car reserved for black people and was arrested. The case went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court ruled to uphold the Louisiana law. Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision?

It restricted African-American access to the same public facilities as the majority white population

A right to privacy is best defined as which of the following?

People are protected from the government infringing in their personal life

Based on the information in the graphic, which of the following strategies would a group seeking to preserve the ruling in Roe v. Wade likely pursue?

Petitioning the Supreme Court to preserve the ruling in Roe v. Wade, arguing that the majority of Americans do not think the Court should overturn the decision

The data displayed in the table above best supports which of the following statements?

Respondents of all races were less likely to support programs giving special preferences to black candidates than programs aimed to help them more generally

Which of the following best defines civil rights?

Rights that guarantee individuals freedom from discrimination at both the state and federal levels of government

In the 1960s, Connecticut had a law prohibiting counselors from providing advice to married couples on how to prevent pregnancy. Police officers arrested the Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut after she disobeyed this law. In 1965, the Supreme Court heard the case and ruled that protections in the Bill of Rights imply that people have a right to privacy. Which of the following cases is also an example of a right-to-privacy case?

Roe v. Wade (1973)

"The District Court's assessment that all this evidence proved racial predominance clears the bar of clear error review. The court emphasized that the districting plan's own architects had repeatedly described the influx of African-Americans into District 12 as a . . . compliance measure, not a side-effect of political gerrymandering. And those contemporaneous descriptions comported with the court's credibility determinations about the trial testimony—that Watt told the truth when he recounted Rucho's resolve to hit a majority-BVAP target; and conversely that Hofeller skirted the truth (especially as to Guilford County) when he claimed to have followed only race-blind criteria in drawing district lines. We cannot disrespect such credibility judgments." -Associate Justice Elena Kagan, opinion of the Court in Cooper v. Harris, 2017 Supporters of Kagan's view that a state cannot use race as a predominant factor in creating districts could cite which of the following cases as precedent?

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

"Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that state's segregation laws was democratically elected? Throughout Alabama all sorts of devious methods are used to prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters, and there are some counties in which, even though Negroes constitute a majority of the population, not a single Negro is registered. Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured?" -Excerpt from King, Martin Luther Jr., "Letter from the Birmingham Jail" in Why We Can't Wait, ed. Martin Luther King, Jr., 77-100, 1963. The "devious methods" mentioned in this passage refer to which of the following?

Structural barriers

A suspected terrorist has chosen to remain silent after being arrested, yet the police continue to question him on potential locations of a bomb without informing him of his rights. This scenario is an example of which of the following?

The "public safety" exception

"[T]he attending physician, in consultation with his patient, is free to determine, without regulation by the state, that, in his medical judgment, the patient's pregnancy should be terminated. If that decision is reached, the judgment may be effectuated by an abortion free of interference by the State." Associate Justice Harry Blackmun, majority opinion in Roe v. Wade (1973) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage?

The Bill of Rights implies that there is a right to privacy that the government cannot infringe upon

Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?

The Supreme Court has been able to prevent state government infringement of basic liberties protected under the Bill of Rights by applying the Fourteenth Amendment

In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government has the right to regulate public accommodation under the commerce clause. After this decision, the federal government, under the authority of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, forced public places to desegregate. This scenario is an example of which of the following?

The Supreme Court issuing a ruling that protects minority rights

In 1952, four African American students in Topeka, Kansas were denied access to certain public schools because of laws segregating public education by race. Which of the following statements describes how the Supreme Court responded to this situation?

The Supreme Court ruled that the "separate but equal" doctrine violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

"An unjust law is a code inflicted upon a minority which that minority had no part in enacting or creating because it did not have the unhampered right to vote. Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up the segregation laws was democratically elected? Throughout the state of Alabama all types of conniving methods are used to prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters, and there are some counties without a single Negro registered to vote, despite the fact that the Negroes constitute a majority of the population. Can any law set up in such a state be considered democratically structured?" Dr. Martin Luther King, "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963 Which of the following governmental policies would the author most likely support as a solution to the problems described in this passage?

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

In 1988 and 1989, the Pennsylvania legislature amended its abortion control law. The changes included requiring a 24 hour waiting period for the procedure and that a married woman must notify her husband that she intends to have an abortion. In a 5-4 ruling, the Court upheld most of the Pennsylvania laws because they did not create a "substantial obstacle" to a woman seeking an abortion. This became known as the undue-burden test. Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between the case described in the scenario and Roe v. Wade (1973)?

The decision in the case above upheld Roe v. Wade (1973), but created a new standard to determine if the state was interfering with a woman's right to choose

Which of the following is an example of a social movement motivated by the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

The women's rights movement

Which of the following policies is an example of specific legislation that extended civil rights to women?

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

"As this Court's cases have made clear, however, the compelling interest that justifies consideration of race in college admissions is not an interest in enrolling a certain number of minority students. Rather, a university may institute a race-conscious admissions program as a means of obtaining 'the educational benefits that flow from student body diversity'. . . . "Increasing minority enrollment may be instrumental to these educational benefits, but it is not, as petitioner seems to suggest, a goal that can or should be reduced to pure numbers." Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy, opinion of the court in Fisher v. University of Texas (2013) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage?

The Constitution only forbids racial classifications when they are designed to harm minorities, not help them

"The Constitution instructs all who act for the government that they may not 'deny to any person . . . the equal protection of the laws.' In implementing this equality instruction, as I see it, government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion. Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated." Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, dissenting opinion in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage?

The Constitution only forbids racial classifications when they are designed to harm minorities, not help them

"An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. This is difference made legal. On the other hand, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow, and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal." -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1963. Which of the following constitutional provisions guarantees that "sameness [is] made legal" in King's argument?

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

In 1961, the Supreme Court heard a case in which the police entered into a residence without a warrant looking for a suspect thought to be hiding in the house. While searching for the suspect, the police found illegal pornographic material. The police arrested the homeowner and she was convicted of possessing pornography. The Court decided to throw out the conviction because the police did not have a search warrant. This case is an example of which of the following?

The exclusionary rule

"National security and privacy are not mutually exclusive. They can both be accomplished through responsible intelligence gathering and careful respect for the freedoms of law-abiding Americans." A quote from Senator James Lankford of Oklahoma in response to the passage of the USA Freedom Act, 2015 Based on the text, which of the following statements would Senator Lankford most likely agree with?

The prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures are intended to ensure that citizen liberties are not superseded by the need for social order and security

"In ... [certain] cases, immunities that are valid as against the federal government by force of the specific pledges of particular amendments have been found to be implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, and thus, through the Fourteenth Amendment, become valid as against the states." Associate Justice Cardozo, majority opinion in Palko v. Connecticut (1937). Source: Justia Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

The question of whether or not a right applies to the states as well as the federal government can be answered by considering if the right is "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty"

In the public opinion poll described in the table above, two groups of approximately 1500 people were asked if they favored or opposed the following statements: Statement A: To overcome past discrimination, do you favor affirmative action programs to help blacks get better jobs/education? Result: 60% of respondents said they favored these programs. Statement B: To overcome past discrimination, do you favor affirmative action programs which give special preferences to qualified blacks in hiring/education? Result: 46% of respondents said they favored these programs. Which of the following most likely accounts for the different results?

The questions contained a difference in wording

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) decision?

It incorporated the right to legal counsel, as protected under the Sixth Amendment, to state and local governments

"The District Court's assessment that all this evidence proved racial predominance clears the bar of clear error review. The court emphasized that the districting plan's own architects had repeatedly described the influx of African-Americans into District 12 as a . . . compliance measure, not a side-effect of political gerrymandering. And those contemporaneous descriptions comported with the court's credibility determinations about the trial testimony—that Watt told the truth when he recounted Rucho's resolve to hit a majority-BVAP target; and conversely that Hofeller skirted the truth (especially as to Guilford County) when he claimed to have followed only race-blind criteria in drawing district lines. We cannot disrespect such credibility judgments." -Associate Justice Elena Kagan, opinion of the Court in Cooper v. Harris, 2017 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument?

North Carolina created a district predominantly based on racial lines, which is unconstitutional

Which of the following actions may Congress take to advance civil rights?

Pass a law requiring that all schools receiving federal funding comply with desegregation efforts

"Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that state's segregation laws was democratically elected? Throughout Alabama all sorts of devious methods are used to prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters, and there are some counties in which, even though Negroes constitute a majority of the population, not a single Negro is registered. Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured?" -Excerpt from King, Martin Luther Jr., "Letter from the Birmingham Jail" in Why We Can't Wait, ed. Martin Luther King, Jr., 77-100, 1963. Which of the following statements best explains Martin Luther King's argument regarding democratic participation in the above excerpt?

A law affecting African Americans is unjust if they had no part in creating it as a result of being denied the right to vote

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be considered a violation of the Fifth Amendment?

A person is tried twice for the same crime

Based on previous rulings, which of the following scenarios would most likely violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

A state law criminalizes intermarriage between white and black citizens

"Universities cannot establish quotas for members of certain racial or ethnic groups or put them on separate admissions tracks. The Law School's admissions program . . . satisfies these requirements. Moreover, the program is flexible enough to ensure that each applicant is evaluated as an individual and not in a way that makes race or ethnicity the defining feature of the application. The Law School engages in a highly individualized, holistic review of each applicant's file, giving serious consideration to all the ways an applicant might contribute to a diverse educational environment." Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing for the Court in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following governmental policies would the author most likely support?

A state university admissions program that takes race into account as part of an individual's overall record

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be considered a violation of the Fifth Amendment?

A suspect is not informed that anything he says while under arrest can be used in his trial against him

Which of the following scenarios would be considered a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

A university establishes race-based quotas in their admission policy

"The Constitution instructs all who act for the government that they may not 'deny to any person . . . the equal protection of the laws.' In implementing this equality instruction, as I see it, government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion. Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated." Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, dissenting opinion in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Colleges and universities should be allowed to use race as a factor in admissions

"The Constitution abhors classifications based on race, not only because those classifications can harm favored races or are based on illegitimate motives, but also because every time the government places citizens on racial registers and makes race relevant to the provision of burdens or benefits, it demeans us all. . . . Undoubtedly there are other ways to 'better' the education of law students aside from ensuring that the student body contains a 'critical mass' of underrepresented minority students. Associate Justice Clarence Thomas, dissenting opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Colleges and universities should be forbidden from taking race into consideration

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Comparison: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)-McDonald v. Chicago (2010) A Incorporated a right to legal counsel-Incorporated the right to bear arms for self-defense B Decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor or indigent-Decided that states had the right to ban handguns for public safety C Ruled that national laws were supreme to state laws-Enhanced the power of the state government to regulate background checks for weapons D Declared that the state had violated the Fifth Amendment-Declared that the state had violated the Second Amendment

Comparison A

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Brown v. Board of Education (1954)-Shaw v. Reno (1993) A Ruled that Kansas violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment-Ruled that North Carolina violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment B Prohibited race-based segregation in schools-Prohibited oddly-shaped majority-minority districts C Decided that states had the exclusive right to regulate schools-Decided that federal courts can intervene and decide redistricting cases D Led to the "one-person, one-vote" judicial doctrine-Led to an increase in power for the national government

Comparison B

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)-McDonald v. Chicago (2010) A Incorporated a right to legal counsel in capital cases-Incorporated a protection from cruel and unusual punishment to the states B Decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor or indigent-Decided that the state could not restrict people from owning a gun for self-defense C Ruled that state laws were supreme to national laws-Ruled that states could not infringe on an individual's right to own a gun D Declared that the state had violated the Sixth Amendment-Declared that the state had violated the Fifth Amendment

Comparison B

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Gideon v. Wainwright-(1963)McDonald v. Chicago (2010) A Incorporated a right to legal counsel in capital cases-Incorporated a protection from cruel and unusual punishment to the states B Decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor or indigent-Decided that the state could not restrict people from owning a gun for self-defense C Ruled that state laws were supreme to national laws-Ruled that states could not infringe on an individual's right to own a gun D Declared that the state had violated the Sixth Amendment-Declared that the state had violated the Fifth Amendment

Comparison B

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two court cases? Gideon v. Wainwright-(1963)McDonald v. Chicago (2010) A Incorporated a right to legal counsel in capital cases-Incorporated a right to privacy to the states B Decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor or indigent-Decided that using execution by firing squad was cruel and unusual punishment C Ruled that national laws are supreme to state laws-Ruled that state laws are supreme to national laws D Declared that the state had violated the Sixth Amendment-Declared that the state had violated the Second Amendment

Comparison D

In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. organized the March on Washington to protest racial discrimination and segregation in public places. Which of the following statements describes how Congress responded to this situation?

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964

In the 1960s, literacy tests were used in an attempt to limit African American participation in the voting process. Which of the following statements describes how Congress responded to this situation?

Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965

"The District Court's assessment that all this evidence proved racial predominance clears the bar of clear error review. The court emphasized that the districting plan's own architects had repeatedly described the influx of African-Americans into District 12 as a . . . compliance measure, not a side-effect of political gerrymandering. And those contemporaneous descriptions comported with the court's credibility determinations about the trial testimony—that Watt told the truth when he recounted Rucho's resolve to hit a majority-BVAP target; and conversely that Hofeller skirted the truth (especially as to Guilford County) when he claimed to have followed only race-blind criteria in drawing district lines. We cannot disrespect such credibility judgments." -Associate Justice Elena Kagan, opinion of the Court in Cooper v. Harris, 2017 Based on the text above, which of the following statements would the author agree with?

Majority-minority districts are unconstitutional when those districts are created based on racial differences

"The Constitution abhors classifications based on race, not only because those classifications can harm favored races or are based on illegitimate motives, but also because every time the government places citizens on racial registers and makes race relevant to the provision of burdens or benefits, it demeans us all. . . . Undoubtedly there are other ways to 'better' the education of law students aside from ensuring that the student body contains a 'critical mass' of underrepresented minority students." Associate Justice Clarence Thomas, dissenting opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage?

The Constitution is colorblind and any racial classifications, even when used to help minorities, are harmful to society

In 1961, the Supreme Court heard a case in which the police entered into a residence without a warrant looking for a suspect thought to be hiding in the house. While searching for the suspect, the police found illegal pornographic material. The police arrested the homeowner and she was convicted in state court of possessing pornography. The Court decided to throw out the conviction because the police did not produce a search warrant, violating the right of the accused to be protected against an unreasonable search and seizure. Which of the following constitutional provisions does the case described in the scenario have in common with McDonald v. Chicago (2010)?

The due process clause

In 1988 and 1989, the Pennsylvania legislature amended its abortion control law. The changes included requiring a 24 hour waiting period for the procedure and that a married woman must notify her husband that she intends to have an abortion. In a 5-4 ruling, the Court upheld most of the Pennsylvania laws because they did not create a "substantial obstacle" to a woman seeking an abortion. This became known as the undue-burden test. Which of the following constitutional provisions does the case described in the scenario have in common with Roe v. Wade (1973)?

The due process clause

In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that race-based segregation in a public school system was unconstitutional. Which of the following constitutional provisions did the Supreme Court use to support their decision?

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment