Chapter 9 Nutrition

The Upper Level for calcium is ______ milligrams per day.

2500

Select the Upper Level for selenium.

400 mcg/day

The UL for phosphorus is ______.

4000 mg/day

Which of the following is the Upper Level for iron?

45 mg

The body can absorb only about 60% of the water consumed, so athletes should drink about ______ more water than what they lose through sweating.

50%

The RDA for selenium for adult males and nonpregnant females is ___ micrograms.

55

For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?

Bones

The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?

Calcium

Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?

Perspiration

Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?

Phosphorus

Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?

Protein

What is the primary food source of chloride in the American diet?

Salt

Excess dietary intake of ____ may increase blood pressure.

Sodium

What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?

Sodium

Which of the following statements about the safety of water is true?

Some bottled water actually comes from a municipal tap water supply.

True or false: A copper deficiency will present itself as anemia.

True

True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.

True

True or false: A healthy body weight decreases a person's chance of developing hypertension.

True

True or false: Daily consumption of Brazil nuts is not advised because they contain such a high level of selenium.

True

True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water.

True

True or false: Selenium functions as part of an antioxidant enzyme system.

True

True or false: The Upper Level (UL) for phosphorus intake is 4000 milligrams per day.

True

True or false: There is no Upper Level for potassium.

True

For a healthy 24-year-old female, the ______ for calcium is 2500 mg/day.

UL

Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?

Vitamin C

Secretions of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract best exemplify the role of water as

a lubricant.

The majority of salt present in the American food supply is

added during food processing.

The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.

amniotic

The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

antacids, laxatives, supplements

Which of the following is the best food source of magnesium?

beans

If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?

become depleted in sodium

Select the best food source of copper.

beef liver

Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?

bone

Where is most of the calcium in the body found?

bones

FDA

bottled water

Which mineral may decrease zinc's absorption if present during the same meal?

calcium

The copper-containing protein that transports iron in the blood is called

ceruloplasmin.

Prolonged vomiting may lead to significant loss of ______ because it is a key component of stomach acid.

chloride

Sodium, potassium, and ______ help to regulate fluid balance.

chloride

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should

choose more fruits and vegetables.

Because of its roles in iron transport and development of red blood cells, a deficiency of the mineral ______ can lead to anemia.

copper

Ceruloplasmin is a ______-containing protein in the blood that functions in the transport of iron.

copper

Choose the mineral that assists in the transport of iron out of intestinal cells, through the blood, and to the bone marrow, where iron is incorporated into hemoglobin.

copper

Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.

The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing

diarrhea.

It is estimated that 20% to 30% of the 300,000 Americans 65 or older who fracture a hip each year will _____ within 12 months.

die

Patients who take ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.

diuretics

As perspiration ______, heat is removed from the body.

evaporates

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

fluoride

Following a vegan dietary pattern, having digestive irritability, and wanting to speed up weight loss are all reasons a person may ______.

go dairy-free

Selenium deficiency symptoms include

heart damage. muscle pain and wasting.

Most adults in the United States have sodium intakes that are

higher than the recommendation.

Copper toxicity is most likely to occur from

improper use of dietary supplements

Most of the body's potassium is found

inside cells

Because thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate and promote growth and development throughout the body, ______ adequacy is important for overall energy metabolism.

iodine

Lack of ______ in the diet may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland.

iodine

Which of the following food items provides the most iodine?

iodized salt, 1/2 tsp

Choose the mineral that is replaced by manufacturers when lost in the refinement process.

iron

During the enrichment of refined grain products, ______ is the only mineral added, whereas the other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.

iron

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

iron

Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?

iron

____ deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.

iron

A magnesium deficiency can cause

irregular heartbeat

Iron overload is ______ than iron deficiency.

less common

Potassium does what to blood pressure?

lowers blood pressure

Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.

magnesium

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

magnesium

With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most ______ source of calcium.

nutrient-dense

The #1 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is

obesity

Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

phosphorus

Milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of

phosphorus.

Which of the following are major minerals?

potassium, sodium, calcium

As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is

released from the body

Most adults meet the RDA for ______, consuming an average of 105 micrograms each day, which is almost twice the RDA of 55 micrograms.

selenium

Hip fracture is associated with _____ mortality.

significant

Which fluid compartment contains the most fluid?

water found inside the cell membrane or intracellular fluid

An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.

zinc

An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as a ______, is one possible consequence of an Inadequate dietary iodine intake.

goiter

A high intake of chloride, usually in the form of sodium chloride, is linked to

hypertension

The thyroid gland uses ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.

iodine

Intakes of ______ that are either too high or too low could impair immune function.

zinc

There is currently no Upper Level set for potassium because if the kidneys are functioning properly then it would be hard to consume too much potassium from

food

A selenium deficiency may lead to which of the following conditions?

1.) muscle wasting 2.) heart damage 3.) muscle pain

Select the sources of fluoride.

1.) fluoridated water 2.) seaweed 3.) tea

The functions of fluoride include

1.) mineralizing tooth enamel. 2.) helping teeth resist acids. 3.) blocking growth of bacteria.

Consuming too much sodium can increase a person's risk for

1.) obesity 2.) hypertension

Which of the following minerals participates in antioxidant reactions?

Selenium

EPA

tap water

Choose the functions of iron.

1.) transportation of carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs for excretion 2.) synthesis of collagen for bone health 3.) detoxification of drugs in the liver

Select the Upper Level for iodine.

1.1 mg/day

Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?

1.) Baked potato with skin, 1 medium 2.) Plain yogurt, 1 cup 3.) Acorn squash, 1 cup

Which of the following are functions of zinc?

1.) DNA synthesis 2.) wound healing

Which of the following are the functions of zinc in the human body?

1.) DNA synthesis and function 2.) protein metabolism and wound healing 3.) cell membrane structure and function

What are secondary functions of iron within the human body?

1.) Immune function 2.) Brain function 3.) Part of many enzymes

Which of following are functions of chloride in the human body?

1.) Immune response 2.) Nerve impulse conduction 3.) Stomach acid production

Choose factors that influence iron absorption.

1.) Large doses of zinc or calcium decrease iron absorption. 2.) Acidity improves iron absorption. 3.) Meat, fish, and poultry improve nonheme iron absorption.

Which of the following are potential consequences of copper toxicity?

1.) Liver damage 2.) Kidney damage 3.) Gastrointestinal disturbances

Select the functions of copper in the human body.

1.) Metabolism of iron 2.) Immune function 3.) Part of enzymes

Rank the following lifestyle factors in order of their contribution to the development of hypertension

1.) Obesity 2.) inactivity 3.) excessive alcohol intake 4.) excessive salt intake

Which of the following minerals are involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?

1.) Potassium 2.) Sodium 3.) Calcium

Which of the following minerals are involved in antioxidant reactions in the body?

1.) Selenium 2.) Zinc 3.) Manganese

Rank the following food sources from highest (at the top) to lowest (at the bottom) magnesium content.

1.) Spinach 2.) plain yogurt 3.) banana 4.) whole-wheat bread

Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?

1.) a deficient food intake, as may be the case with alcoholism 2.) a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting 3.) an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather

What mechanisms are monitored to maintain the appropriate fluid balance in the body?

1.) blood pressure 2.) the concentration of solutes in the body fluids

Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

1.) cardiovascular disease. 2.) type 2 diabetes.

Supplements of ______ compete with zinc for absorption.

1.) copper 2.) iron

If a person chronically consumes more than the UL for zinc, he or she may experience which of the following?

1.) decreased HDL 2.) nausea and vomiting 3.) immune dysfunction

Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?

1.) eggs 2.) fat-free milk 3.) yogurt

Choose foods that are good sources of phosphorus.

1.) eggs 2.) fish 3.) bran 4.) nuts

Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration?

1.) endurance athletes 2.) older adults 3.) sick children

Choose examples of how water is used as a lubricant.

1.) mucus lining the lungs 2.) saliva in the esophagus 3.) cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the spine and brain

If water intake exceeds the kidneys' processing ability, _____ and _____ can result

1.) overhydration 2.) sodium dilution in the blood

Which of the following are good sources of iron?

1.) peas 2.) legumes

Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include

1.) reduced sense of taste and smell. 2.) diarrhea. 3.) acnelike rash.

The body loses water through

1.) respiration 2.) excretion 3.) perspiration

Processed foods are the main source of which nutrients in North American diets?

1.) sodium 2.) chloride

Choose the reasons a person might choose to go dairy-free.

1.) to decrease digestive problems 2.) having lactose intolerance 3.) following a vegan dietary pattern

High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

1.) tooth mottling. 2.) skeletal damage.

Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

1.) topical fluoride treatments. 2.) toothpaste. 3.) fluoride tablets.

______ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells.

Chloride

How can you control the amount of sodium you get from your diet?

Consume more unprocessed and home-cooked meals.

Which of the following is not a good food source of copper?

Cottage cheese

What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?

Decrease in thyroid hormone synthesis

The fluid contained outside the cell is called what type of fluid?

Extracellular

True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

False

True or false: Plant-based dairy alternatives are legally required to be fortified with calcium and vitamin D.

False

True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.

False

What is the most nutrient-dense source of calcium?

Fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content.

Table salt is chemically known as

sodium chloride

Salt is 40% ______ and 60% ______.

sodium; chloride

A _____ is a liquid in which other materials dissolve forming a solution.

solvent

A ______ is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve.

solvent

Which plant-based dairy alternative most closely matches the high-quality protein content of cow's milk?

soy milk

Sodium ions ______ water.

to attract

Iron, zinc, copper, iodide, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium are all identified as __ minerals.

trace

What type of nutrient is fluoride?

trace mineral

The primary route of chloride excretion is via _____.

urine

Water is lost from the body via several routes. Typically, the largest component of water output is

urine

Hyponatremia occurs when too much ______ is consumed.

water

Serving as a coolant, lubricant, and solvent are all functions of ______.

water