Chapter 9 Nutrition
The Upper Level for calcium is ______ milligrams per day.
2500
Select the Upper Level for selenium.
400 mcg/day
The UL for phosphorus is ______.
4000 mg/day
Which of the following is the Upper Level for iron?
45 mg
The body can absorb only about 60% of the water consumed, so athletes should drink about ______ more water than what they lose through sweating.
50%
The RDA for selenium for adult males and nonpregnant females is ___ micrograms.
55
For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?
Bones
The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?
Calcium
Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?
Perspiration
Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?
Phosphorus
Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?
Protein
What is the primary food source of chloride in the American diet?
Salt
Excess dietary intake of ____ may increase blood pressure.
Sodium
What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?
Sodium
Which of the following statements about the safety of water is true?
Some bottled water actually comes from a municipal tap water supply.
True or false: A copper deficiency will present itself as anemia.
True
True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.
True
True or false: A healthy body weight decreases a person's chance of developing hypertension.
True
True or false: Daily consumption of Brazil nuts is not advised because they contain such a high level of selenium.
True
True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water.
True
True or false: Selenium functions as part of an antioxidant enzyme system.
True
True or false: The Upper Level (UL) for phosphorus intake is 4000 milligrams per day.
True
True or false: There is no Upper Level for potassium.
True
For a healthy 24-year-old female, the ______ for calcium is 2500 mg/day.
UL
Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
Secretions of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract best exemplify the role of water as
a lubricant.
The majority of salt present in the American food supply is
added during food processing.
The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.
amniotic
The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from
antacids, laxatives, supplements
Which of the following is the best food source of magnesium?
beans
If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?
become depleted in sodium
Select the best food source of copper.
beef liver
Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?
bone
Where is most of the calcium in the body found?
bones
FDA
bottled water
Which mineral may decrease zinc's absorption if present during the same meal?
calcium
The copper-containing protein that transports iron in the blood is called
ceruloplasmin.
Prolonged vomiting may lead to significant loss of ______ because it is a key component of stomach acid.
chloride
Sodium, potassium, and ______ help to regulate fluid balance.
chloride
Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should
choose more fruits and vegetables.
Because of its roles in iron transport and development of red blood cells, a deficiency of the mineral ______ can lead to anemia.
copper
Ceruloplasmin is a ______-containing protein in the blood that functions in the transport of iron.
copper
Choose the mineral that assists in the transport of iron out of intestinal cells, through the blood, and to the bone marrow, where iron is incorporated into hemoglobin.
copper
Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits
demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.
The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing
diarrhea.
It is estimated that 20% to 30% of the 300,000 Americans 65 or older who fracture a hip each year will _____ within 12 months.
die
Patients who take ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.
diuretics
As perspiration ______, heat is removed from the body.
evaporates
Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.
fluoride
With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.
fluoride
Following a vegan dietary pattern, having digestive irritability, and wanting to speed up weight loss are all reasons a person may ______.
go dairy-free
Selenium deficiency symptoms include
heart damage. muscle pain and wasting.
Most adults in the United States have sodium intakes that are
higher than the recommendation.
Copper toxicity is most likely to occur from
improper use of dietary supplements
Most of the body's potassium is found
inside cells
Because thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate and promote growth and development throughout the body, ______ adequacy is important for overall energy metabolism.
iodine
Lack of ______ in the diet may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland.
iodine
Which of the following food items provides the most iodine?
iodized salt, 1/2 tsp
Choose the mineral that is replaced by manufacturers when lost in the refinement process.
iron
During the enrichment of refined grain products, ______ is the only mineral added, whereas the other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.
iron
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?
iron
Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?
iron
____ deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.
iron
A magnesium deficiency can cause
irregular heartbeat
Iron overload is ______ than iron deficiency.
less common
Potassium does what to blood pressure?
lowers blood pressure
Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.
magnesium
Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.
magnesium
With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most ______ source of calcium.
nutrient-dense
The #1 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is
obesity
Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
phosphorus
Milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of
phosphorus.
Which of the following are major minerals?
potassium, sodium, calcium
As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is
released from the body
Most adults meet the RDA for ______, consuming an average of 105 micrograms each day, which is almost twice the RDA of 55 micrograms.
selenium
Hip fracture is associated with _____ mortality.
significant
Which fluid compartment contains the most fluid?
water found inside the cell membrane or intracellular fluid
An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.
zinc
An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as a ______, is one possible consequence of an Inadequate dietary iodine intake.
goiter
A high intake of chloride, usually in the form of sodium chloride, is linked to
hypertension
The thyroid gland uses ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.
iodine
Intakes of ______ that are either too high or too low could impair immune function.
zinc
There is currently no Upper Level set for potassium because if the kidneys are functioning properly then it would be hard to consume too much potassium from
food
A selenium deficiency may lead to which of the following conditions?
1.) muscle wasting 2.) heart damage 3.) muscle pain
Select the sources of fluoride.
1.) fluoridated water 2.) seaweed 3.) tea
The functions of fluoride include
1.) mineralizing tooth enamel. 2.) helping teeth resist acids. 3.) blocking growth of bacteria.
Consuming too much sodium can increase a person's risk for
1.) obesity 2.) hypertension
Which of the following minerals participates in antioxidant reactions?
Selenium
EPA
tap water
Choose the functions of iron.
1.) transportation of carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs for excretion 2.) synthesis of collagen for bone health 3.) detoxification of drugs in the liver
Select the Upper Level for iodine.
1.1 mg/day
Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?
1.) Baked potato with skin, 1 medium 2.) Plain yogurt, 1 cup 3.) Acorn squash, 1 cup
Which of the following are functions of zinc?
1.) DNA synthesis 2.) wound healing
Which of the following are the functions of zinc in the human body?
1.) DNA synthesis and function 2.) protein metabolism and wound healing 3.) cell membrane structure and function
What are secondary functions of iron within the human body?
1.) Immune function 2.) Brain function 3.) Part of many enzymes
Which of following are functions of chloride in the human body?
1.) Immune response 2.) Nerve impulse conduction 3.) Stomach acid production
Choose factors that influence iron absorption.
1.) Large doses of zinc or calcium decrease iron absorption. 2.) Acidity improves iron absorption. 3.) Meat, fish, and poultry improve nonheme iron absorption.
Which of the following are potential consequences of copper toxicity?
1.) Liver damage 2.) Kidney damage 3.) Gastrointestinal disturbances
Select the functions of copper in the human body.
1.) Metabolism of iron 2.) Immune function 3.) Part of enzymes
Rank the following lifestyle factors in order of their contribution to the development of hypertension
1.) Obesity 2.) inactivity 3.) excessive alcohol intake 4.) excessive salt intake
Which of the following minerals are involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?
1.) Potassium 2.) Sodium 3.) Calcium
Which of the following minerals are involved in antioxidant reactions in the body?
1.) Selenium 2.) Zinc 3.) Manganese
Rank the following food sources from highest (at the top) to lowest (at the bottom) magnesium content.
1.) Spinach 2.) plain yogurt 3.) banana 4.) whole-wheat bread
Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?
1.) a deficient food intake, as may be the case with alcoholism 2.) a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting 3.) an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather
What mechanisms are monitored to maintain the appropriate fluid balance in the body?
1.) blood pressure 2.) the concentration of solutes in the body fluids
Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of
1.) cardiovascular disease. 2.) type 2 diabetes.
Supplements of ______ compete with zinc for absorption.
1.) copper 2.) iron
If a person chronically consumes more than the UL for zinc, he or she may experience which of the following?
1.) decreased HDL 2.) nausea and vomiting 3.) immune dysfunction
Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?
1.) eggs 2.) fat-free milk 3.) yogurt
Choose foods that are good sources of phosphorus.
1.) eggs 2.) fish 3.) bran 4.) nuts
Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration?
1.) endurance athletes 2.) older adults 3.) sick children
Choose examples of how water is used as a lubricant.
1.) mucus lining the lungs 2.) saliva in the esophagus 3.) cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the spine and brain
If water intake exceeds the kidneys' processing ability, _____ and _____ can result
1.) overhydration 2.) sodium dilution in the blood
Which of the following are good sources of iron?
1.) peas 2.) legumes
Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include
1.) reduced sense of taste and smell. 2.) diarrhea. 3.) acnelike rash.
The body loses water through
1.) respiration 2.) excretion 3.) perspiration
Processed foods are the main source of which nutrients in North American diets?
1.) sodium 2.) chloride
Choose the reasons a person might choose to go dairy-free.
1.) to decrease digestive problems 2.) having lactose intolerance 3.) following a vegan dietary pattern
High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to
1.) tooth mottling. 2.) skeletal damage.
Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by
1.) topical fluoride treatments. 2.) toothpaste. 3.) fluoride tablets.
______ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells.
Chloride
How can you control the amount of sodium you get from your diet?
Consume more unprocessed and home-cooked meals.
Which of the following is not a good food source of copper?
Cottage cheese
What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?
Decrease in thyroid hormone synthesis
The fluid contained outside the cell is called what type of fluid?
Extracellular
True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.
False
True or false: Plant-based dairy alternatives are legally required to be fortified with calcium and vitamin D.
False
True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.
False
What is the most nutrient-dense source of calcium?
Fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content.
Table salt is chemically known as
sodium chloride
Salt is 40% ______ and 60% ______.
sodium; chloride
A _____ is a liquid in which other materials dissolve forming a solution.
solvent
A ______ is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve.
solvent
Which plant-based dairy alternative most closely matches the high-quality protein content of cow's milk?
soy milk
Sodium ions ______ water.
to attract
Iron, zinc, copper, iodide, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium are all identified as __ minerals.
trace
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
trace mineral
The primary route of chloride excretion is via _____.
urine
Water is lost from the body via several routes. Typically, the largest component of water output is
urine
Hyponatremia occurs when too much ______ is consumed.
water
Serving as a coolant, lubricant, and solvent are all functions of ______.
water