Chapter 9 pretest

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

Four

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

Gross

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

case study

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

A ________ is any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage.

teratogen

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language.

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

During early childhood

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

Zygote

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years.

The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

resistance