Chapter 9 Psychology

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

Moro reflex

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

developing a positive sense of self

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is the normal development?

Which parenting style is most encouraged to modern America?

authoritative

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger-she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

children begin to use language

_____________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years.

the word "discrimination" should be changed to the world "selectivity"

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the __________.

vocabulary spurt

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

moral reasoning

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have false beliefs

___________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicity, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

After 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

resistant

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

_____________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Ego identity is our ___________.

sense of self