chapter 9 test

Which was probably the first form of agriculture in human history? A. slash-and-burn farming B. seed agriculture C. hunting and gathering D. pastoral nomadism E. shifting cultivation

C. hunting and gathering

Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile Valley have had comparatively high population densities because of their A. tropical climate B. heavy industrialization C. intensive agriculture based on irrigation D. designation as sacred sites E. in-migration from neighboring arid areas

C. intensive agriculture based on irrigation

Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication? A. Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East B. British Isles, Scandinavia, United States C. Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa D. Russia, China, Latin America E. Australia, New Zealand, China

A. Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East

Which region has experienced a decline in food production compared to increasing population growth in the past 20 years? A. SubSaharan Africa B. Southeast Asia C. South Asia D. Central America E. East Asia

A. SubSaharan Africa

The dominance of corn production in the U.S. correlates with what other agricultural practice? A. cattle production B. irrigated farmland C. dairy production D. market gardening activities E. pastoral nomadism

A. cattle production

Livestock ranching and pastoral nomadism both A. exist in environments too harsh for crop production B. suffer from low wages C. rely on the same animals for their livelihood D. flourish in Central Asia E. suffer from undue government regulations

A. exist in environments too harsh for crop production

According to the von Thunen model, what type of practice would be located in the outermost concentric ring? A. grazing B. forestry C. dairy D. mixed crop and livestock E. horticulture

A. grazing

Which of the following developments is predicted by the von Thunen model of land use around cities? A. large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands B. large-scale rubber plantations in Malaysia C. large-scale commercial fishing in Japan D. extensive cattle raising in northern France E. very large dairy farms in Utah and southern Idaho

A. large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands

The primary purpose of commercial agriculture is to A. make a profit B. produce a superior product C. produce a product in a sustainable manner D. provide jobs for the population E. sustain the rural way of life

A. make a profit

Farming in the U.S., in particular, has experienced what pattern? A. movement to agricultural industrialization B. debt-for-nature swap C. tragedy of the commons D. more sustainable yields E. more work with intertillage practices

A. movement to agricultural industrialization

The agricultural practice most commonly associated with intensive subsistence agriculture is A. paddy rice farming B. swidden agricultural C. plantation agriculture D. market gardening E. dairy farming

A. paddy rice farming

Bananas, sugarcane, and coffee are what type of crops? A. plantation crops B. market-gardening crops C. slash-and-burn crops D. animal products E. subsistence crops

A. plantation crops

With reference to the above example, extensive grain farming would take place in A. the Russian steppes B. southern England/northern France C. southern Italy D. Scandinavia E. Greece

A. the Russian steppes

According to the von Thunen model, what costs does a commercial farmer consider when deciding which crops to plant? A. transportation/land costs B. land/opportunity costs C. costs of externalities and transportation D. only the cost of land E. only the cost of transportation

A. transportation/land costs

The most widely produced grains in the world are A. wheat, rice, and maize B. wheat, rice, and oats C. rice, maize, and oats D. rice, maize, and millet E. rice, wheat, and barley

A. wheat, rice, and maize

During the winter months in North America, the primary source of fruits and vegetables found in grocery stores is A. Uruguay B. Chile C. Nigeria D. Philippines E. Italy

B. Chile

Which of the following phrases would best fit the Second Agricultural Revolution? A. it saw the beginning of seed agriculture B. it brought mechanization into the farming process C. it prompted farmers to develop new crops D. it allowed farmers to redesign crops to grow in nonnative climates E. it meant more profits for farmers due to less human capital being needed

B. it brought mechanization into the farming process

A food assemblage that includes olives, pita bread, cheese, figs, lamb, and wine is most associated with which of the following? A. Spain B. Greece C. Mexico D. France E. Russia

B. Greece

The region with the lowest percent of the labor force directly engaged in agriculture is A. Western Europe B. North America C. Eastern Europe D. North Africa E. East Asia

B. North America

Labor-intensive intertillage is often practiced in A. the Canadian wheat belt B. Southeast Asia C. the Turkish highlands D. the English countryside E. New Zealand

B. Southeast Asia

What area of the world first incorporated the domestication of both plants and animals? A. Ethiopian Highlands B. Southwest Asia C. Southeast Asia D. East Asia E. Central America

B. Southwest Asia

The invention in the late 1800s that changed the geography of cattle ranching was A. the harvester B. barbed wire C. the steel-tipped plow D. the John Deere tractor E. none of the above

B. barbed wire

Esther Boserup's basic thesis was that population increase would A. decimate local resources B. be accompanied by an increase in how intensely land would be used C. become unsustainable D. lead to out-migration E. lead to competition for limited resources

B. be accompanied by an increase in how intensely land would be used

All of the following are farm subsidies EXCEPT: A. giving farmers a minimum price for their product regardless of market conditions B. giving farmers tax breaks if they meet production quotas C. establishing import barriers on imported products D. paying farmers not to produce more than a certain quantity of a particular crop E. giving farmers special tax incentives for conservation efforts

B. giving farmers tax breaks if they meet production quotas

According to Carl Sauer, which of the following is true about plant domestication? A. it originated in marginal areas with limited food sources B. it first occurred in diversified habitats with a variety of species C. it was developed by farmers who were starving and desperate for food D. it owes it origins to the domestication of animals E. it was at first dependent on irrigation

B. it first occurred in diversified habitats with a variety of species

What is the primary type of farming done in the tropical regions of Brazil? A. commercial agriculture B. slash-and-burn agriculture C. intensive subsistence agriculture D. truck farming E. irrigated fruit farming

B. slash-and-burn agriculture

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume London and Paris is the single market for Europe. Dairy agriculture would be located in A. the Russian steppes B. southern England/northern France C. southern Italy D. Scandinavia E. Greece

B. southern England/northern France

The Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with A. increased genetic engineering B. the Industrial Revolution C. the First Agricultural Revolution D. the Third Agricultural Revolution E. the Enlightenment in Europe

B. the Industrial Revolution

The country that produces the most maize is A. Canada B. the United States C. Ukraine D. Brazil E. Argentina

B. the United States

The growth potential of alternative agricultural practices such as the growing of amaranth grain and the raising of deer, elk, emus, and buffalo for meat is limited because A. the dietary laws in the US are restrictive B. the growers have not established an integrated commodity chain C. the animals and grain are difficult to raise D. it is impossible to domesticate new plants and animals E. the high protein content of these meats and grains is thought to be unhealthy

B. the growers have not established an integrated commodity chain

All of the following are examples of subsistence agriculture EXCEPT: A. pastoral nomadism B. truck farming C. shifting cultivation D. swidden agriculture E. intensive rice farming

B. truck farming

Which crop started the Third Agricultural Revolution? A. corn B. wheat C. rice D. sorghum E. manioc

B. wheat

Subsistence agriculture is most common in which of the following regions? A. Great Plain of the U.S. B. Pampas of Argentina C. Amazon Basin D. Outback of Australia E. Ruhr Valley of Germany

C. Amazon Basin

The overgrazing of pasture areas in arid climates - particularly in SubSaharan Africa - has caused which problem? A. global warming B. mass starvation C. desertification D. soil loss E. soil erosion

C. desertification

Which area of the world would most likely lead the others in the production of wheat? A. central Brazil B. interior Australia C. Ukraine or Eastern Europe D. Southeast Asia E. central Africa

C. Ukraine or Eastern Europe

Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication? A. animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily B. domesticated plants spread through wind- borne dispersal of seeds C. both domesticated plants and animals spread through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion via European colonialism D. the diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to new soil types E. the diffusion was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between agricultural villages because early farmers were sedentary

C. both domesticated plants and animals spread through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion via European colonialism

Corn (maize) was first domesticated in A. northern Argentina B. the Tibetan plateau C. central Mexico D. the Canadian prairie E. central Australia

C. central Mexico

Three of the largest dairy regions in the U.S. are in the Northeast, the Upper Midwest, and California. What explains this phenomenon? A. the transportation systems are much better in these areas B. the climates are more conducive to raising dairy cattle C. large urban centers are located in each zone D. industrial output is much greater due to the crops produced in these regions E. there are more milk drinkers in these parts of the country than in other parts

C. large urban centers are located in each zone

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by A. double-cropping of specific grains B. extensive use of the land C. production only for family consumption D. production only for trade E. irrigation and inorganic fertilization

C. production only for family consumption

What is the process called of splitting existing plants into two and replanting both parts to propagate crops? A. seed agriculture B. aquaculture C. vegetative planting D. subsistence agriculture E. plantation agriculture

C. vegetative planting

Which of the following is the best example of extensive land use in agriculture? A. a cattle feedlot B. a greenhouse C. an egg-production facility D. a sheep ranch E. a backyard garden

D. a sheep ranch

Which of the following is an essential requirement of lowland rice production? A. cheap labor B. year-round growing season C. proximity to the market D. abundant water E. alluvial soil

D. abundant water

Which are negative consequences of the Green Revolution in India? A. increased environmental damage B. increased interregional migration C. increased gap between wealthy and poor farmers D. all of the above E. A and B only

D. all of the above

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the invention of agriculture? A. the process was gradual B. there were multiple hearths C. hearths developed in areas with high biodiversity D. all of the above E. A and B only

D. all of the above

The majority of the world's population that is involved in agriculture is involved in what type of agriculture? A. pastoral nomadism B. Mediterranean agriculture C. shifting cultivation D. subsistence farming E. plantation agriculture

D. subsistence farming

Which of the following is a subsistence crop? A. rubber B. cotton C. cocoa D. corn E. timber

D. corn

Why is double-cropping or even triple-cropping important? A. subsistence farmers can produce more income from selling their products B. consumers are provided with more choices of food to eat C. farmers are free to rotate crops without harming the soil D. farmers can meet the demands of ever-increasing populations E. producers have adequate profit margins to meet the demands of investors

D. farmers can meet the demands of ever-increasing populations

According to the von Thunen model, the first ring is used for A. crop rotation B. forestry C. mixed crop and livestock D. horticulture and dairy E. grain farming

D. horticulture and dairy

All of the following are characteristics of shifting cultivation EXCEPT: A. people usually live in small villages B. farmers clear land using a slash and burn technique C. crops are grown on land until the nutrients of the soil are depleted D. primogentric land ownership dominates shifting cultivation societies E. farmers usually return to the same area approximately twenty years later

D. primogentric land ownership dominates shifting cultivation societies

Compared to North American ranchers, commercial ranchers in the Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil are more likely to A. raise mostly sheep B. lease their grazing land C. rely on feedlots D. raise livestock primarily for export E. use practices developed by indigenous people

D. raise livestock primarily for export

What is the primary difference between livestock ranching and livestock fattening? A. fattening requires more human labor than ranching B. ranching has more profit per head of cattle than fattening C. fattening requires less feed per head of cattle than ranching D. ranching requires more space than fattening E. ranching requires more capital investment for feed products

D. ranching requires more space than fattening

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area? A. plantation agriculture and specialized horticulture B. cattle ranching and Mediterranean agriculture C. wheat farming and dairying D. shifting cultivation and nomadic herding E. intensive rice cultivation and subsistence farming

D. shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

Even though climatic conditions are suitable for wine production in North Africa and Southwest Asia, why is this form of agriculture not practiced in these regions? A. lack of economic development B. strict government regulations against wine C. lack of irrigation engineering D. there is not a cultural tradition of wine consumption in these regions E. desalination is still too costly

D. there is not a cultural tradition of wine consumption in these regions

Why did von Thunen include a forestry ring in his model of agricultural land use? A. wood became scarce B. wood was used for construction and heating C. wood is heavy and expensive to transport D. wood was a sustainable product E. B and C only

E. B and C only

The Wheat Belt in the U.S. corresponds with what region? A. Pacific Northwest B. Southeast C. Midwest D. desert Southwest E. Great Plains

E. Great Plains

Which of the following correctly lists the four major cultural hearths? A. Central Asia, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Mesopotamia B. Central Asia, India, Nile Valley, Southern Europe C. Egypt, Mekong Valley, Middle East, Western Africa D. Ethiopia, Ghana, Mongolia, Macchu Picchu E. Indus valley, Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, North China

E. Indus valley, Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, North China

Which region is NOT a major dairy producing area? A. Southeastern Canada B. Northeastern U.S. C. Southern California D. Northwestern Europe E. Southeastern U.S.

E. Southeastern U.S.

Market gardening farms are located close to large urban areas because of A. high land costs thus a higher profit margin B. the perishable nature of their crops C. high transport costs of handling fragile crops D. large amounts of capital for specialized machinery E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Mediterranean agricultural products are grown in A. Chile B. California C. southern Spain D. North Africa E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Most plantation operations are found in A. Latin America B. SubSaharan Africa C. Southeast Asia D. South Asia E. all of the above

E. all of the above

The major difference between subsistence and commercial agriculture is A. where the product is consumed B. commercial agriculture is primarily for profit C. land ownership in subsistence agricultural communities is often communal D. in subsistence agriculture the motivation is to feed one's family E. all of the above

E. all of the above

What accounts for the dramatic increased yields of wheat in MDCs since the 1950s? A. increased use of machinery B. increased use of pesticides C. increased use of fertilizers D. development of improved seed varieties E. all of the above

E. all of the above

What advantage do feedlots have over traditional methods of livestock ranching? A. feedlots combine a number of steps in the meat packing industry in one location B. feedlots are more efficient at adding weight to cattle C. feedlots reduce transportation costs of cattle prior to being slaughtered D. feedlots reduce transportation costs of the finished product E. all of the above

E. all of the above

von Thunen's model assumes that A. there is a flat isotopic plane B. there are uniform soils across the land C. there are no physical features present D. all goods use the same form of transportation E. all of the above

E. all of the above

The process of growing crops in subsistence areas for sale in MDCs is what type of farming? A. slash-and-burn farming B. plantation agriculture C. intensive subsistence agriculture D. shifting cultivation E. commercial agriculture

E. commercial agriculture

The most practiced economic activity in the world is A. commercial agriculture B. manufacturing C. providing a service D. extensive subsistence agriculture E. intensive subsistence agriculture

E. intensive subsistence agriculture

The Gobi Desert in Mongolia uses what primary form of agriculture? A. truck farming B. slash-and-burn agriculture C. plantation agriculture D. commercial agriculture E. pastoral nomadism

E. pastoral nomadism

The most common crop grown using the practice of intensive subsistence farming in the world today is A. corn B. wheat C. soybeans D. barley E. rice

E. rice

Which of the following is NOT a form of commercial farming? A. grain farming B. fruit farming C. Mediterranean agriculture D. livestock ranching E. slash-and-burn farming

E. slash-and-burn farming