Chapter 9.5 (U.S. History) "Wilson's New Freedom"
Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?
British suffragists who used increasingly bold tactics, such as heckling government officials, to advance the suffrage cause
What were the five tactics NAWSA president Carrie Chapman Catt concentrated on?
1. painstaking organization 2. close ties between local, state, and national workers 3 . establishing a wide base of support 4. cautious lobbying 5. gracious, ladylike behavior
What to Massachusetts organizations used door-to-door campaigns to increase support for woman's suffrage?
1. the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government 2. the College Equal Suffrage League
What is the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)?
A "watchdog" agency set up by the Federal Trace Commission Act that was given the power 1. to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes 2. to require periodic reports for corporations 3. to put an end to a number of unfair business practices
Who founded the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government?
Radcliffe graduate Maude Wood Park as a way to spread the message of suffrage to poor and working class women
Who was Carrie Chapman Catt?
Susan B. Anthony's successor as president of NAWSA who served from 1900 to 1904 and resumed the presidency in 1915
What amendment to the U.S. Constitution during Wilson's administration granted women the right to vote?
The 19th Amendment
During the Progressive Era, what did opponents of regulation believe it would accomplish?
inefficiency and high prices
What was the purpose of the Clayton Antitrust Act?
it inhibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another company if doing so would create a monopoly; if the company violated the law, it's officers could be prosecuted
Because the federal government lowered tariffs and reduced income, how did it go about replacing this lost income?
it passed the 16th Amendment calling for a federal income tax
What did the Underwood Act of 1913 accomplish?
it substantially reduced tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War
Who were Lucy Burn and Alice Paul?
more radical suffragists who formed their own more radical organization, the Congressional Union, and its successor, the National Woman's Party, which pressured the federal government to pass a suffrage amendment by mounting such events as a round-the clock picket line around the White House
Did Wilson use the presidency to forward civil rights?
no,as the progressive movement was centered on improving the lives of middle-class whites, not African-Americans
What was the 19th Amendment?
passed by Congress in 1919, it gave women the right to vote
What was the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?
passed under Wilson, It decentralized the private banking system under federal control by dividing the nation into 12 districts and establishing a regional central bank in each district, which served other smaller banks within its district
What was the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914?
passed under Wilson, it sought to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890
What is deregulation?
permitting businesses to compete without government control in the hope efficiency is improved and prices are lowered
What were the Congressional Union, and its successor, the National Woman's Party?
radical suffragist groups formed by Lucy Burns and Alice Paul
What was the 16th Amendment?
ratified in 1913, it legalized a federal income tax, which provided revenue by taxing individuals Earnings and corporate profits
What do modern proponents of regulation believe?
that deregulated businesses may skimp on safety, neglect hard-to-serve populations, such as elderly, poor, or disabled people, while competing for more profitable customers
What is considered one of Wilson's most enduring achievements?
the Federal Reserve System
What did Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) call the Clayton Antitrust Act?
the Magna Carta of labor because of the protection it gave citizens over their bosses
What was Woodrow Wilson's idea for the federal government?
the federal government should be used to attack large concentrations of power to five greater freedom to average citizens
What gave new strength to the woman's suffrage movement after the turn of the century?
the increased number of college educated women
Why was the Ferderal Reserve System created in 1913?
the nation needed a way to strengthen the ways in which banks were run, as well as a way to quickly adjust the amount of money in circulation
What was considered the capstone of the progressive movement?
the passage of the suffrage amendment (the 19th Amendment)
What was the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914?
the second major antitrust measure passed under Wilson, it set up the FTC
What did Wilson's "New Freedom" program seek to attack?
the triple wall of privilege: the trusts, tariffs, and high finance
How did wealthy young women who visited Europe as part of their education advance the suffrage movement?
they became involved in the suffrage movement in Britain and returned to the United States armed with more activist approaches in their own campaigns for suffrage
During the Progressive Era, why did reformers view regulation as a necessary role of government?
to ensure safety and fairness for consumers as well as industrial competitors
appease
to pacify by granting concessions
What three developments were responsible for pushing woman's suffrage forward?
1. increased activism of local groups 2. the use of bold new strategies to build enthusiasm for the movement 3. the rebirth of the national movement under Carrie Chapman Catt
Under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, what could federal reserve banks do?
1. issue new paper currency in emergency situations so that member banks could use the new currency to make loans to their customers 2. transfer funds to member banks in trouble, saving banks from closing and protecting customer savings
How did the Clayton Antitrust Law help labor?
1. it specified that labor unions and farm organizations not only had a right to exist but also would no longer be subject to antitrust laws 2. therefore, strikes, peaceful picketing, boycotts, and the collection of strike benef its became legal 3. injunctions against strikers were prohibited unless the strikers threatened damage that could not be remedied
What were two major ways Wilson failed to advance civil right?
1. opposed federal antilynching legislation, arguing that these crimes fell under state jurisdiction 2. resumed the practice of segregation in the Capitol and other federal offices
In addition the the suffrage movements of the era, what made suffrage inevitable?
World War I
What major event Stalled progressive reform efforts in the 1910s and ended the Progressive Era?
World War I
injunction
a court order prohibiting a party from a specific course of actiom
What is a lobbyist?
a person hired by businesses to present their case to government officials
What is a graduated tax?
a tax in which larger incomes are taxed at a higher rate than smaller incomes
