Chapter Five Test

Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A-mode and B-mode responses to C-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test?

The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of group membership.

Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization as George Ritzer used the term?

A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut."

What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

McDonaldization

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?

People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.

What does social identity theory suggest about teamwork?

The most efficient teams have members with strong social identities

How have social networking websites affected social groups?

They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups.

Which of the following is a quality of charismatic leaders?

They possess extraordinary personal qualities?

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?

They tend to be based on specific roles or activities

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity?

Time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members.

Which of the following is considered a group?

a classroom of children

Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink?

a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions

What is Durkheim's term for a state of normlessness?

anomie

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?

coercive

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?

coercive power

What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?

expressive

Which of the following strategies could be used as a way to minimize social loafing?

finding ways to recognize individual effort

Which of the following strategies might help solve or at least alleviate the problem of social loafing?

giving names to teams and T-shirts to their members

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

group dynamics

What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?

groupthink

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff?

groupthink

Which of the following would be considered a group in the sociological sense?

high school chess club

What kind of group do you and your family, friends, peers, colleagues, teachers, and co-workers constitute?

social network

What do sociologists call the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them?

social networks

The principle of "six degrees of separation" that suggests that everyone in the world is connected to everyone else within six steps, exemplifies which concept?

social ties

Which of the following organizational traits did Max Weber identify as something that helps bureaucracies operate smoothly?

specialization

Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic organization at colleges and universities?

students being issued ID numbers

Which of the following is an aggregate?

the audience at a Broadway show

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

the power of peer pressure

Which of the following is a characteristic of primary groups?

they involve a strong sense of belonging

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of his or her social network?

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

What kind of group consists of group members who share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person?

virtual community

What characteristic distinguishes a group from an aggregate?

Groups foster the formation of enduring social relations.

_____ have a sense of common identity while _____ do not.

Groups; crowds

What is the danger of too much group cohesion?

It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?

internalization

Which type of conformity has occurred when someone joins an animal rights group and then adopts a vegan diet?

internalization

Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?

parent

What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?

peer pressure

What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?

primary

Which type of group is characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships?

primary

What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his or her own accomplishments?

reference group

What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves—either positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?

reference groups

Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?

shared values

When Carlos started on his school project, two other students worked on it with him. As the semester continued, three more students were assigned to work on the project with the group. Although a total of six students were ultimately responsible for completing the project, Carlos felt that two of them did the majority of the work and "carried the weight" of the group. This is an example of

social loafing

Which of the following phenomena is a reason why group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?

social loafing