Chapter Seven
The earliest reliable date for a human presence in Australia is ______ B.P.
65,000
Which of the following statements best describes early anatomically modern humans (AMHs)?
They originated in Africa
True or false: The findings at Israel's Manot Cave provide the first evidence that Neandertals and AMHs were living together in the area around 55,000 B.P. and suggest that inbreeding between the two species may have occurred in the Middle East.
True
Which of the following statements are true according to the "Mitochondrial Eve" hypothesis?
Eve's descendants eventually colonized the world Eve was a resident of africa whose descendants left for other parts of the world.
True or false: The site known as Skhūl is located in modern-day southern Germany.
False
In Oregon's Paisley Caves, scientists have uncovered coprolites, which are ______.
Fossilized feces
The Homo heidelbergensis jaw was discovered in modern-day ______.
Germany
In 2010 scientists identified the Denisovan hominin group as cousin species of ______.
Neandertals
Which human ancestral species was the first to migrate out of Africa?
Homo erectus
Which of the following ancestral human species had an average cranial capacity of around 900 cm3?
Homo erectus
The earliest human ancestors appeared during the geological time period called the ______, which began about two million years ago and endured until 11,700 years ago.
Pleistocene
Fossil remains from several sites in Europe, Africa, and Asia dating between 800,000 and 200,000 years ago may represent species transitional between Homo erectus and Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. What species name has been assigned to this group?
Homo heidelbergensis
Which ability of Homo erectus provided protection against predators?
control of fire
The stone-tool technology associated with Neandertals is called ______.
Mousterian
Which of the following correctly describe the hominins who lived at Terra Amata?
Their tools were made from local materials. They used tree saplings to support huts. There were hearths within their shelters.
How do the discoveries at Dmanisi compare to the Nariokotome boy?
There are notable skull similarities.
Which statement best describes the findings associated with the Herto skulls?
These three AMH skulls, dating to 154,000-160,000 years ago, showed signs of ritual use.
In which of the following ways did the Neandertals deal with the frigid environment that characterized the Würm glacial?
They hunted mammoths, reindeer, and woolly rhinos. They wore clothes. They made more elaborate tools.
What is the best explanation of why Homo erectus expanded out of Africa into Europe and Asia?
They were following the animals they hunted for meat
Which of the following is true of some tools considered part of the Upper Paleolithic tradition of toolmaking?
They were found in the upper layers of sedimentary deposits.
Which of the following statements best describes the behavior of Homo floresiensis?
This small braned species hunted elephants, made tools with small blades mounted on wooden shafts, and controlled fire.
If the dating of the fossils in the Misliya Cave are correct, it is the earliest member of Homo sapiens yet found outside of Africa.
True
The blade tool-making traditions associated with early anatomically modern humans (AMHs) in Europe are called ______ tools.
Upper Paleolithic
The largest collection of H. erectus fossils ever found comes from which of the following important archaeological sites?
Zhoukoudian
Which of the following is not a site where early AMHS have been found?
Zhoukoudian
Key hominin fossil discoveries announced in 2015 included
a jaw fragment found in Ethiopia, dating to 2.8 m.y.a., that appears to be the earliest known member of the genus Homo. finds at South Africa's Rising Star cave of more than 1,500 bones, which have been assigned to the species H. naledi.
Among the anatomical contrasts that distinguish H. erectus from modern humans are ______.
a large brow ridge. thicker skull bones.
Which of the following Neandertal characteristics is/are considered adaptive in a cold climate?
a stocky build and long, broad noses
What does the name Homo habilis mean?
able man
The three subdivisions of the Pleistocene reflect
age of fossils
What does the abbreviation AMH mean
anatomically modern humans
Fossil finds from Dmanisi, Georgia, are significant because they ______./
are the earliest-known ancestral hominin fossils found outside Africa
Becoming fully human, associated with the evidence of symbolic thought and artistic creativity, may have occurred as much as 200,000 years ago or only 45,000 years ago. What is the term used by anthropologists for these abilities?
behavioral modernity
What new kinds of tools (not made in Middle- and Lower-Paleolithic times) did Upper Paleolithic toolmakers create by hammering materials from a core?
blade tools
Blombos Cave and other sites in Africa dating from 70,000-100,000 years ago provide early evidence of human symbolic behavior and artistic creativity. Which of the following best describes this evidence?
bone awls and polished weapon junctures
Some of the first settlers came into North America, following big game animals such as woolly mammoths, by ______.
crossing Beringia, the Bering land bridge that connected North America and Siberia.
The traditional view has been that modern behavior originated fairly recently and only after Homo sapiens pushed into Europe. What is the basis of this view?
evidence for human creativity 45,000 years ago in the form of ceremonial burials, jewelry, and symbolic cave paintings
Hominin fossils found at the desert site of Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, as described in 2017, ______.
have been dated to 300,000 B.P.
What are some physical characteristics of Neandertals?
heavy brow ridges slanting foreheads
The most notable aspect of the Nariokotome boy fossil was its ______.
height
With a cranial capacity of 600 to 700 cubic centimeters (cm3), which of the following species was labeled the first tool maker and identified as the first member of the genus Homo?
homo habilis
What ability set apart Homo erectus from Homo habilis and Au. boisei?
hunting ability
What are long warm periods between ice ages?
interglacials
As the sea level rose during glacial retreat, southwestern European economies became
less specialized
Scientists related the Denisovans to other groups by studying
their DNA
What physical characteristic of Homo erectus allowed it to hunt longer distances?
longer legs
Recent analyses of fossil DNA suggest that the common ancestor of Neandertals, Denisovans, and AMHs ______.
separated into two lineages around 460,000 B.P., one jointly ancestral to Neandertals and Denisovans, the other ancestral to AMHs. lived around 660,000 B.P.
The current prevailing view among scientists is that H. erectus ______.
split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals and the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs).
Which of the following best describes what set apart Upper Paleolithic technology from earlier tool traditions?
stone blades; special-purpose tools including chisels for engraving designs in bone and wood; and bone pins, needles, and fishhooks
Which of the following have been found at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco?
the earliest known members of our species tools and evidence for cooking
What is another term for ice ages?
glacials
Migrations of AMHs out of Africa took place ______.
sometime before 270,000 B.P. starting around 80,000 years ago between 194,000 and 177,000 B.P.
The oldest known evidence for AMHs in Europe stem from what skeletal remains found in England and Italy?
teeth
Which of the following are true about Homo luzonensis?
-It has been dated to 67,000-50,000 B.P. -Body size was likely small.
What are some characteristics of the oldest-known hominin fossil in Europe
-It's from Spain. -It's more than one million years old.
Which of the following is true about the earliest human settlement of Australia?
-Recent archaeological findings at Madjedbebe cave extends it back to at least 65,000 B.P. -Based on genetic dating, it happened around 50,000 B.P.
Which of the following occurred as a result of glacial retreat?
-The gathering of plants grew in importance. -The quantity and variety of edible marine life increased.
The fossils found at Dmanisi date to ______ m.y.a.
1.77-1.7
The first hearths date back to no more than
500,000 years
The type of tool associated with Homo erectus is the ______.
Acheulean hand ax
The oldest Homo habilis and Homo erectus fossils can be found on which continent?
Africa
In addition to Europe, fossils of H. heidelbergensis have been found in which two other continents?
Africa and Asia
Which statement best describes the "Mitochondrial Eve" hypothesis?
Analysis of modern mtDNA samples suggest that everyone today has mtDNA inherited from a woman who lived 200,000 years ago in sub-Saharan Africa.
The most important early out-of-Africa site is Dmanisi, which is located
At the easternmost edge of Europe.
As reported in 2018, at Misliya, a collapsed cave in Israel, scientists found ______.
the earliest member of Homo sapiens yet found outside of Africa a hominin's fossilized upper jawbone with teeth, which has been dated between 194,000 and 177,000 B.P.
Great variation in mtDNA among Africans means that
they have been evolving for the longest amount of time.
Which of the following was the reason that Eugene Dubois went to the Indonesian island of Java?
to find a transitional form between apes and humans
In Blombos Cave, an excavated 100,000-year-old workshop was the site of the world's earliest-known ______.
to paint
How is Homo erectus like modern humans?
Both share a similar height and body shape.
In which of the following sites was the first Neandertal discovered with the whole skull, including the face, preserved?
Chapelle-aux-Saints
Where is the oldest pre-Clovis site?
Chile
A type of spear point called a(n) ______ originated and spread throughout North America between 13,250 and 12,800 years years ago.
Clovis point
Marcellin Boule claimed that the Neandertal found at La Chapelle-aux-Saints
Could not straighten the legs for fully erect locomotion
In 1891 the fossil find called "Java man" made ______ famous as one of the first scientists to identify a "missing link" between apes and humans.
Eugene Dubois
H. rudolfensis overlapped in time with which of the following hominins?
H. habilis and H. erectus
Evidence that AMHs lived on the shore of an ancient lake, where they hunted and fished using blades and hand axes, was found with the ______.
Herto Skulls in Africa
The human ancestral species ______ is associated with the cave site in China known as Zhoukoudian, which contained hearths and a large collection of tools, animals bones, and the fossilized remains of more than 40 hominins.
Homo Erectus
Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest habitual hunter?
Homo erectus
The Acheulean hand ax, associated with the species ______, represents a type of tool that requires a mental template in the mind of the maker, a significant advance in human evolution
Homo erectus
The species named ______, discovered in Indonesia, had a cranial capacity smaller than that of a chimpanzee.
Homo floresiensis
Which of the following species was a miniature hominin that lived on an Indonesian island until at least 60,000 B.P.?
Homo floresiensis
Announced in April 2019, fossilized teeth and bones from the feet, hands and thigh of at least three individual hominins, recovered from Callao Cave on the island of Luzon, Philippines, have been assigned to the species
Homo luzonensis
What is the name of the ancient hominin species dating to 2.03-1.78 m.y.a., and associated with the skull labeled KNM-ER 1470, which has an unusual combination of a large brain (775 cm3) and very large molars?
Homo rudolfensis
A the the time that Neandertals were first discovered, what did scientists think of the discovery?
It was confusing; there was no framework for understanding evolution.
The species known as Homo habilis was first discovered and identified by which famous team of paleoanthropologists in 1960?
L. S. B. and Mary Leakey
Which of the following paleoanthropologists made Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania famous by discovering what then appeared to be the first tool maker and the first-known representative of the Genus Homo?
LSB and Mary Leakey
A discovery in 1908 of a Neandertal skeleton turned out to be an old man with osteoarthritis, but it gave us the popular image of a cave man who cannot walk upright. What is the name of the famous site where this Neandertal was discovered?
La Chapelle-aux-Saints
Where was the first evidence of Neandertals discovered in 1856?
Neander Valley, Germany
Mousterian tools include a wide variety of stone scrapers and notched tools designed to make clothing from animal hides and to be used for sawing and piercing. Which hominin group made these tools?
Neandertal
The average cranial capacity of which of the following species exceeded that of modern humans?
Neandertal
What is one characteristic of Neandertals?
Neandertal fossils have been found in a variety of places, including Siberia.
Where did Tim White discover an important specimen of Homo habilis known as OH62 and identified as female in 1986?
Olduvai
The first representative of Homo habilis was found at ______.
Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania
What is an anthropological term for early American Indians in North America?
Paleoindians
What trait of the fossil remains uncovered in 2003 from a cave floor led paleoanthropologists to assign a new species, H. floresiensis?
Small stature
How did the first settlers of the Americas enter North America?
Some crossed Beringia, the Bering land bridge, following big game animals such as woolly mammoths; others came by boat along the seashores
Which site in southern France is important because it yielded evidence dating to 300,000 years ago of the ability to build huts and establish seasonal camp sites?
Terra Amata
Which of the following statements best describes the cranial capacity (brain size) of Homo erectus compared with the australopithecine average?
The average cranial capacity of H. erectus at about 1000 cm3 was about double the size of the australopiths.
What important information regarding Homo erectus was revealed by the fossil find known as the Nariokotome boy?
The find suggested that the boy as an adult might have reached a height of six feet.
Which of the following statements is true about the skeletons of Homo erectus and modern humans?
The skeleton of H. erectus (below the head) was similar to that of modern humans.
Which of the following statements best describes the time period during which Homo habilis and Homo erectus overlapped?
The species overlapped between 1.9 m.y.a. and 1.4 m.y.a., but after that only Homo erectus endured to perhaps 0.5 m.y.a. (or 500,000 years ago).
What was the physical location of the three important early hominin discoveries of 2015?
All were in Africa.
Which of the following is true about H. naledi?
The fossils have been dated somewhere between 335,000 B.P. and 236,000 B.P.
The search for ______ is the most probable explanation for hominins to expand their home ranges.
meat
Why were the "underground astronauts" who excavated H. naledi remains from the Rising Star cave all young, slender women?
only such builds could navigate the tunnels
