Chapter Six: The Proteins & Amino Acids

Select whether the following statements are unique to just proteins or if they are true for all proteins, carbohydrates, & lipids (Chp. 6 modules) 1. They are found in a wide variety of foods 2. Made according to instructions provided by genetic material 3. Pepsin is required for digestion in the stomach

1. Lipids, carbohydrates, & proteins 2. Only proteins 3. Only proteins

Explain the digestion & absorption of proteins (pg. 190-191 Fig. 6-9)

1. Once in the stomach, hydrochloric acid denatures the protein strands, and an enzyme cleaves amino acids strands into polypeptides & a few amino acids 2. Once in the small intestine, enzymes from the pancreas & intestine split polypeptide strands into tripeptides, dipeptides, & abundant amino acids 3. Enzymes on the surface of the small intestine's lining & within the absorptive cells split tripeptides & dipeptides-- the intestinal cells absorb & transfer amino acids into the bloodstream 4. The bloodstream transports amino acids to the liver

When amino acids are oversupplied, the body cannot store them. It has no choice but to remove & excrete their amine groups and use the residues in one of three ways. What are those three ways? (pg. 196)

1. To meet immediate energy needs 2. To make glucose for storage as glycogen 3. To make fat for energy storage

What are the two factors that influence a protein's quality? (pg. 202)

1. it's amino acid composition 2. it's digestibility

By eating a balanced diet & consuming a variety of foods, the majority of active and inactive people easily meet their daily protein needs. What is the most important consideration for someone trying to build muscle? (Chp. 6 modules) a. Regular strength training b. Type of protein supplement c. Amount of protein consumed

A

The way in which a protein in your body is made is based on your what? (Chp. 6 video quiz & pg. 187-188) a. DNA b. Nutritional status c. Weight d. Protein intake e. Diet

A

Vicky is 5 feet 11 inches tall and weighs 155 pounds. Based on this info, how much protein should she be consuming on a daily basis? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 200/ p. E in back of book) a. About 56g b. About 65g c. About 48g d. About 30g e. About 39g

A

What is a peptide bond? (pg. 185)

A bond that connects one amino acid w/ another, forming a link in a protein chain. The bond is formed between the amine group of one amino acid & the acid group of the next amino acid

What is a complete protein (Chp. 6 study guide question & pg. 202)

A protein that contains all the essential amino acids that our body needs Examples include animal-based proteins like meat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, & cheese There are also some plant-based examples of this such as quinoa & soy

Explain the characteristics of a partial vegetarian diet (pg. 212)

A term used to describe an eating style that includes seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, vegetables, grains, legumes, fruit, & nuts It excludes or strictly limits certain meats such as red meats Also known as a flexitarian

Explain the characteristics of a macrobiotic diet (pg. 212)

A vegan diet composed mostly of whole grains, beans, & certain vegetables If taken to extremes, this diet can compromise nutrient status

Which of the following health conditions are associated with overconsumption of protein? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 205 a. Marasmus b. Blindness c. Kidney disease d. Psoriasis e. Rheumatoid arthritis

C

Which of these represents a major role of protein in the body? (Chp. 6 modules) a. Insulate body tissues b. Provide energy during exercise c. Remodel and build cells

C

Which statement is true of amino acids? (Chp. 6 video quiz & pg. 183) a. There are hundreds of them b. They body can make whatever amino acid it needs c. They make up proteins d. They are arranged in the same order in all your cells e. They are used to make enzymes & antibodies but not muscle

C

Hemoglobin is an important globular protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Adequate dietary protein and which mineral are needed in order for the body to build enough hemoglobin? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 186) a. Collagen b. Tyrosine c. Magnesium d. Iron e. Calcium

D

How do you calculate the DRI for protein for yourself (or others), given your weight, age and height? (pg. 200 top left corner)

DRI for protein (adult): 0.8g/kg of body weight per day 1. Look up the healthy weight for a person your height (back of the book, p. E). *If your weight falls within a range; use it. *If outside the range, use the midpoint of the range 2. Convert pounds to kilograms (divide pounds by 2.2) 3. Multiply kilograms by 0.8 to find total grams of protein recommended Example: *My weight = 121 pounds *121 divided by 2.2 = 55 kg *55 kg multiplied by 0.8 = 44 g

Where in the body are tripeptides and dipeptides split into single amino acids that are readily absorbed? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 190) a. Pancreas b. Liver c. Stomach d. Large intestine e. Small intestine

E

Digestibility of protein varies from food to food & bears profoundly on protein quality. List these groups of proteins from most digestible to least digestible & provide a percentage for each (pg. 203) a. Grains & other plant foods b. Protein from animal sources (chicken, beef, pork, etc.) c. Legumes

Most easily digested & absorbed are animal proteins, then legumes, and least are grains/plant-based proteins -More than 90% of animal proteins are absorbed -Legumes about 80-90% -Grains/plant-based 70-90%

An astronaut & a surgery patient are most likely to be in what type of nitrogen balance? (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 201)

Negative nitrogen balance

What are amino acids and what are they composed of? (pg. 183)

The building blocks of protein Each one has an amine group at one end, an acid group at the other end, & a distinctive side chain

What is protein turnover? (pg. 192)

The continuous breakdown & synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of amino acids

What is a strand of amino acids called? (pg. 185)

a peptide

A conditionally essential amino acid is an amino acid that becomes ________________ as a result of certain disorders or illnesses, but is usually _________________ under normal healthy circumstances (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 184)

essential non-essential

When nitrogen consumption is less than nitrogen excretion, a person is in ______________ nitrogen balance (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 201)

negative

Of the 20 amino acids utilized in the body, 11 are considered ______________, which means that the body is able to produce enough to meet physiological needs and they therefore, do not need to be obtained from the diet (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 184)

non-essential

When nitrogen consumption is greater than nitrogen excretion, a person is in ______________ nitrogen balance (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 201)

positive

Amino acids are composed of a central carbon connected to a hydrogen atom, an acid group, an amine group, and a side chain. The _______________ is the group that varies for each amino acid. (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 183)

side chain

In which organ does protein digestion begin? (pg. 190)

stomach

What are some of the consequences of consuming excessive protein in the diet? (pg. 205 & 207)

-Many protein-rich foods are high in calories, so overconsumption of these foods can lead to obesity -For people w/ kidney problems, high-protein diets may speed up the decline of kidney functioning -Protein itself is not known to contribute to heart disease but many food sources of protein do, such as fatty red meats -Risk of cancer does not seem to increase w/ greater protein intakes, however, eating a diet high in red & processed meats does correlate w/ certain cancers

What are the ten functions of proteins? (pg. 196 Table 6-2)

1. Acid-base balance 2. Antibodies 3. Blood clotting 4. Energy & glucose 5. Enzymes 6. Fluid & electrolyte balance 7. Gene expression 8. Hormones 9. Structure & movement (they form most body tissues & structural proteins of muscles execute body movement) 10. Help transport needed substances such as lipids

What are essential amino acids and how many are there? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 184)

Amino acids that either cannot be synthesized by the body or enough can't be made to meet physiological needs There are 9

Muscle growth requires (Chp. 6 modules): a. Negative protein balance b. Positive protein balance c. Maximized muscle glycogen stores

B

Within a few months of changing to a vegetarian diet, Vicky develops insomnia, mild depression, & loses her appetite. She decided to do some research on vegetarian diets and depression and found out that amino acids help to aid in the production of serotonin. Which amino acid helps to build serotonin? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 194) a. Glutamine b. Tryptophan c. Arginine d. Proline e. Thyroxin

B

Vicky knows that most plan-based foods are deficient in at least one essential amino acid. To prevent a dietary deficiency, Vicky focuses on the concept of complementary proteins. Which combination below complements each other best? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 202) a. Blueberries & almonds b. Pasta & tomatoes c. Spinach & walnuts d. Rice & beans e. Broccoli & celery

D

What is the process of making proteins called? (Chp. 6 video quiz) a. Protein break down b. Protein metabolism c. DNA testing d. Protein synthesis e. Symbiosis

D

Which protein-rich foods that are included in Vicky's new lacto-ovo vegetarian diet are well-digested and absorbed (from most to least)? (Chp. 6 case study & pg. 203 & 212) a. Legumes > eggs > cheese b. Grains > milk > eggs c. Chicken > pork > beef d. Beef > grains > eggs e. Eggs > legumes > grains

E

What agents can cause the denaturation of proteins? (pg. 189)

Heat, acids, bases, alcohol, salts of heavy metals, etc.

Explain the characteristics of a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet (pg. 212)

Includes dairy products, eggs, vegetables, grains, legumes, fruit, & nuts They do NOT eat any flesh or seafood

Explain the characteristics of a lacto-vegetarian diet (pg. 212)

Includes dairy products, vegetables, grains, legumes, fruit, & nuts They do NOT eat any flesh, seafood, or eggs

Explain the characteristics of a ovo-vegetarian diet (pg. 212)

Includes eggs, vegetables, grains, legumes, fruit, & nuts They do NOT eat any flesh, seafood, or milk products

Explain the characteristics of a vegan diet (pg. 212)

Includes only food from plant sources Vegetables, grains, fruit, legumes, seeds, & nuts Also called strict vegetarian

Fruitarian is a type of vegetarian diet. Explain its characteristics (pg. 212)

Includes only raw or dried fruit, seeds, & nuts in the diet

Explain the characteristics of a vegetarian diet (pg. 212)

Includes plant-based foods & eliminates some or all animal-derived foods

A healthy college student & a young retiree are most likely to be in what type of nitrogen balance? (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 201)

Nitrogen equilibrium

What happens when the body is building a protein molecule but does not have one of the necessary amino acids to complete the synthesis of that particular protein? (pg. 202)

Partially completed proteins are NOT held for completion at a later time when the diet may improve They are dismantled & the component amino acids are returned to circulation to be available to other cells However, if they aren't used quickly to build a different protein, then their amine group will be removed & excreted & the residues are used for other purposes

A child, pregnant woman, & a person building muscle are most likely to be in what type of nitrogen balance? (Chp. 6 modules & pg. 201)

Positive nitrogen balance

What is an incomplete protein (Chp. 6 study guide question & pg. 202)

Proteins that do NOT include all essential amino acids Most plant-based proteins are considered incomplete bc they are low in one or more essential amino acids

What is the difference between (pg. 185 & 190): a. Dipeptide b. Tripeptide c. Polypeptide

a. Protein fragments that are two amino acids long b. Protein fragments that are three amino acids long c. Protein fragment of about 10-50 amino acids bonded together