chapter3-4

Information dictating the primary sequence of a polypeptide is permanently maintained within a cell in which of the following forms?

DNA

_____ provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instructions for building protein

DNA (deoxyibonucleic acid)

The ionized or dissociated carboxyl group may be written as __________.

-COO-

For each increase of 2% in energy from trans fats, there is ___ % increased risk of heart disease.

93

A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of ____ the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein

RNA

Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its ______.

Shape

_____ are lipids with a structure consisting of four fused rings. Many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.

Steroids

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

Two proteins have the same number and type of amino acids. How is it that they can have different shapes and therefore different functions?

The order in which the amino acids are arranged differs between the two proteins.

One function of the central vacuole in plant cells is facilitating cell growth: the central vacuole absorbs water and increases in size, expanding the volume and size of the plant cell while doing so. Animal cells, however, do not grow by this method. What is an essential difference between animal and plant cells that could explain how a plant cell can withstand this expansion of the central vacuole?

The plant cell wall provides a more rigid structure.

How are cell surface proteins exported out of the cell?

The protein is folded, then packaged for transport to the Golgi apparatus.

A relative risk (RR) of 1 means the risk of heart disease is ______ compared to an equivalent intake of carbohydrates

The same

Which is a typical function of lysosomes?

breaking down of damaged organelles, such as mitochondria

A fatty acid consists of a ____and a long hydrocarbon chain

carboxyl group

Which of the following foods would contain the most starch?

carrots

Many researchers think that the first eukaryotic cells obtained energy for life-sustaining functions from organic compounds. Given this information, which of the following organelles most likely appeared last in eukaryotic cells?

chloroplast

What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not?

chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall

Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP.

chloroplasts; mitochondria

What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?

cristae

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton

Where would ribosomes be located that are responsible for producing enzymes which play a role in sugar metabolism?

cytosol

Where are chlorophyll molecules located within the chloroplasts?

embedded in the thylakoid membrane

Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome

The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down

endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome

Which condition is irrelevant, to some extent, to the maintenance of protein structure in your body?

environmental temperature

Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.

fourth

A page is to a book as a ___________ is to the genome.

gene

Which of the following is the largest unit of DNA organization?

genome

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils

the plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

The nucleolus __________.

is rich in ribosomal RNA

A disease called primary ciliary dyskenisia is characterized by abnormal ciliary movements. In these cilia, microtubule functioning is disrupted due to microtubules missing an essential component. This disease could be caused by

lack of dynein proteins

Which of the following organelles is found only in animal cells and NOT in most plant cells?

lysosome

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell

mitochondria

The RR for ______ is 0.81, suggesting that increasing intakes of this type of fat by 5% decrease the risks of heart disease

monounsaturated fat

Double bonds are present in the majority of the fats of which of the following foods?

peanuts

Anabolic steroids are appropriately prescribed to __________.

people who suffer from muscle-debilitating diseases

_____ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.

phospholipids

You have identified a new organism. It has ribosomes, plasmodesmata, and cell walls made of cellulose. This new organism is most likely a(n) __________.

plant

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ .

plasma membrane; cell wall

RNA usually consists of a single ___ strand

polynucleotide

The RR for _______ is the lowest among the fats tested, suggesting that these fats are most beneficial for cardiovascular health

polyunsaturated fat

Which of the following sugars CAN be accurately represented by the formula C6H12O6?

possibly glucose or fructose

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

ribosomes.

The RR for _____ is 1.17. For each 5% increase in energy consumed in this form of fat, there is a 17% increase in heart disease risk.

saturated fat

Pancreatic cells produce large amounts of protein. About how many ribosomes would you expect there to be in a pancreatic cell?

several million

Where are lipids made in cell ?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER

When you eat a plant, you derive energy from the stored __________, but not from the __________ component.

starch ... cellulose

The production of high fructose corn syrup involves the hydrolysis of __________ from corn into __________, followed by its enzymatic conversion.

starch ... glucose

A polynucleotide has a repeating ____ backbone

sugar-phosphate

A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.

third

Which of the following types of fat increases heart attack risk the most?

trans fats

If you wished to clearly observe the organelles inside of a white blood cell, which type of microscope would you choose?

transmission electron microscope

How many polynucleotides are found in one molecule of DNA?

two

Select the hydrocarbon from the following choices.

C3H8

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes

Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.

Lactase deficiency is more common in Asian, Native American, Mediterranean and some African populations than it is among people with northern or western European ancestry. How would you explain why this is so?

Although most mammals, including humans, are not able to digest the milk sugar, lactose, after infancy, the ancestors of northern and western Europeans relied on dairy products as an important part of their food supply. When other food sources were in low supply, mutations that allowed the expression of the enzyme lactase to persist past childhood conveyed an advantage to adults who were able to include dairy products in their diet.

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus

What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of the molecule?

It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group.

What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?

It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.

Although the structures of the functional groups important to life (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate) vary in chemical structure, they share one thing in common: They _____.

all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility

Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes

The plasma membrane would fit into which general function category?

support, movement, and communication

Which of the following make up the backbone of a polynucleotide strand?

sugar and phosphate

The monomers of nucleic acids consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ______

nitrogen base

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of monosaccharides?

All of the listed responses are common features of monosaccharides.

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion.

Lactose is a disaccharide (two monosaccharides joined together). To metabolize lactose, individuals require an enzyme known as lactase. What is true about this reaction?

The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar.

Consider the figure shown below. What one characteristic is shared by sucrose and maltose?

They are all disaccharides.

What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common?

They are constructed of interrelated membranes.

The RR of _____ is the highest among the types of fats tested, suggesting that these fats pose the greatest health risk.

Trans fat

________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.

Unsaturated fatty acids

When calorie intake is low, proteins are the last resource the body uses for fuel. Which statement below gives the best reason for this?

When the body uses proteins as fuel, it is breaking down substances vital to its structure and essential functions

A peptide bond is formed through a __________.

a dehydration reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of a second amino acid

In a hydrolysis reaction, __________. In this process, water is __________.

a polymer breaks up to form monomers ... consumed

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.

adding hydrogens

Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence: Hydroxyl is to _____ as _____ is to amine.

alcohol ... amino

The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____

amino acids

A DNA nucleotide is composed of a __________.

deoxyribose sugar, which is bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

the structure of DNA is a ___, held together by the complementary base-pairing of cytosine with guanine, and adenine with thymine

double helix

A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: ___ and fatty acids

glycerol

An RR greater than 1 means the risk of heart disease is ______ compared to an equivalent intake of carbohydrates

higher

lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are ______

hydrophobic

Dehydration reactions __________. They do so by __________.

link monomers to form a polymer; removing a water molecule

An RR less than 1 means the risks of heart disease is ___ compared to an equivalent intake of carbohydrates

lower

The cells of a person with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) swell with a buildup of fatty acids. In other words, fatty acids are not being broken down. Which organelle is most likely failing to function correctly?

lysosome

Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are _____.

metabolically active

A sugar, a phosphate, and a base are the components of a

nucleotide

Nucleic acids are polymers of ___

nucleotides

The genetic center of the eukaryotic cell is the

nucleus

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus

Digestive cells produce and secrete many enzymes that break down ingested food. These cells have a large number of ribosomes __________.

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

The hydrocarbon chains of ______ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.

saturated fatty acids