Chapters 1-7 Personality Theory

"Which of the following is true with regard to the use of technology (for example, brain scanners and monitors of brain electrical activity) in the recent study of Freud s theories?"

"Activity in brain regions such as the amygdala and the hippocampus supports the existence of unconscious activity, as suggested by Freud."

How does Jung s method of amplification compare with the Freudian approach to dream interpretation?

"In Jung s method, no precise effort is made to separate manifest and latent contents."

"Dr. Foster is a practicing psychotherapist whose approach to clients emphasizes the fact that as infants, all people are incapable of fulfilling their most basic needs and therefore, must depend on others to survive. Dr. Foster believes that many problems in later childhood and adulthood relate to attempts by the individual to compensate for feelings during this period. Dr. Foster is best described as a(n) _____________ psychotherapist."

Adlerian

"Maria is a mother who is high in demands and psychological control, but low in warmth. Which parenting style does Maria exemplify?"

Authoritarian

Which of the following is one of the styles of infant attachment identified by Ainsworth?

Avoidant

Which of the following personality theorists considered the concept of personality to be unnecessary?

B. F. Skinner

John Watson s extreme behaviorist views were adopted and taken even further by

B.F. Skinner

Which of the following methods of psychotherapy is influenced most directly by Sullivan s emphasis on interactions with significant others?

Benjamen s structural analysis of social behavior

"Which of the following components of psychotherapy is characteristic of Jungian, rather than Freudian, psychotherapy?"

Confession

"In the neurotic individual, the idealized self and the real self"

Correct become separated.

Which of the following is true with regard to defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanisms help the individual cope with anxiety.

Deidre often uses the security operation of selective inattention. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates this?

Deidre pretends to not hear her boyfriend s sarcastic putdown of her.

"In 1952, ______________ stunned the therapeutic community with a report on treatment outcomes indicating that various forms of psychotherapy are no more effective than a placebo or no treatment."

Eysenck

"Of the following philosophical assumptions, which one concerns a person s ability to control his own behavior and understand the motives behind it?"

Freedom versus determinism

Erich Fromm s approach is best described as humanistic social analysis because it attempts a synthesis of the thoughts of

Freud and Marx.

Why did Jung wish to avoid the terms mind and mental?

He felt that they implied consciousness.

Which of the following is true with regard to Sigmund Freud s personal background?

He was Jewish

The prototaxic experience is the characteristic cognitive mode in which of Sullivan s stages of development?

Infancy

What does the process of transcendence entail?

Integrating the unified self with all of humanity

"More than those of any other personality theorist prominent in the early or mid-1900s, _________ theories anticipated the rise of spirituality that has occurred as we have moved into the twenty-first century."

Jung s

Which of the following is the best example of synchronicity?

Just as Yasmeen passed the shop of the new shoemaker, her heel broke."

Psychic forces develop that inhibit the sexual drive and narrow its direction during which period of development?

Latency

Which concept of Sullivan s attempts to explain how a person may be capable of acting in an evil manner while remaining fundamentally good?

Malevolent transformation of personality

"Rafael is a perfectionist who goes to extremes to prove that he needs no one s help in any way. His quest for total self-sufficiency has resulted in social isolation. According to Horney, what is his primary mode of relating to others?"

Moving away

"Janice has a very strong need for the affection and approval of others, and she tends to choose dominant partners. What is her primary mode of relating to others?"

Moving toward

An exaggerated need for approval and affection represents which of the primary modes of relating to others?

Moving toward

What is the difference between Horney s concept of the idealized self and Freud s concept of the ego-ideal?

Only the idealized self represses both good and bad feelings.

The therapist develops tentative hypotheses about her patient during which part of an interview?

Reconnaissance

"Shaniqua has a very strong need for the affection and approval of others, and she tends to choose dominant partners. What is her basic orientation toward life?"

Self-effacing solution

"A neurotic need to be admired and to exploit that admiration represents, according to Horney, which of the following solutions to anxiety?"

Self-expansion

In which of the following relationships are two persons related so that one of the parties loses or never attains independence?

Symbiotic

What was the seduction theory that Freud eventually abandoned?

The belief that adult neurosis is caused by childhood sexual abuse

The fact that most people all over the world enjoy looking at a rainbow best illustrates which Jungian concept?

The collective unconscious

What does the term libido refer to?

The energy derived from the sex drive

Which of the following would appropriately fit the definition of drive in Freud s theory?

The lust Dennis feels on his wedding night

Which of the following Freudian ideas has been most consistent with research findings?

The oral and anal personality types

What is one characteristic that all defense mechanisms have in common?

They keep threatening impulses from becoming conscious.

Who is most closely associated with the term paradigm as applied to scientific study?

Thomas Kuhn

Why are theories of personality constructed?

To help us understand human nature

"Of the following questions, which most accurately reflects the study of personality?"

Who am I?

"In Freud s theory, the ego may be described as"

a rider trying to control a wild horse

"This is Jason s first time performing in a comedy club. He is ignoring his extreme nervousness and acting cocky and arrogant instead. After a short while, he actually starts to feel confident. According to Sullivan s theories, Jason is experiencing the positive effects of"

acting as if.

"According to McAdams, in the elementary school years, our life stories revolve around two themes: ________ and ________."

agency; communion

"According to Horney, __________ represent(s) identification with the ideal self instead of the real or actual self."

alienation

People of ________________ have engaged in scholarly efforts to understand themselves by constructing theories of personality.

all cultures

"When we use the term personality in everyday speech, we are usually referring to"

an individual s public image or social role.

"The major problem with projective tests, such as the Rorschach, is that they"

are difficult to score objectively.

How does Sullivan define personality?

as the manner in which an individual relates to others

"The word therapy comes from a Greek term, the literal meaning of which is"

attending and healing

"Cognitive researchers are using brain scanners to locate the neural sources of emotion, behavior, and belief. They have learned, for example, that the amygdala, which is a center of emotional learning in the limbic system, may play a role in the development of"

bias

Adler suggested that many of our beliefs are fictional finalisms because they

cannot be tested empirically.

"In preadolescence, interpersonal energies are focused on"

chum relationships.

The logical consistency of a philosophical assumption refers to the criterion of

coherence.

"On the long drive to a wedding, Yao s mind wandered to memories of other weddings that he had attended, to weddings that he had seen depicted in books and movies, and to his general thinking about the ceremony. In Jung s theory, Yao was invoking a(n)"

complex

"In Jung s personal unconscious, experiences are grouped into"

complexes

"Ana, a patient in Jungian analysis, has become increasingly aware of her shadow. In other words, Ana has become increasingly aware of the"

devil within her personality.

"Cahlil is angry at his mother but, rather than taking his anger out directly on her, he takes it out on his younger sister. Cahlil s behavior exemplifies"

displacement

The not-me self entails

dreadful aspects of the self that have been repressed from conscious awareness.

"In his list of three entrance gates to mental life, Adler included birth order, dreams, and"

early memories.

"Because they refer to an extraordinary vision, philosophical statements are said to be"

epiphanic.

"Steven has a strong belief in God. According to Adler s personality theory, Steven s belief in God is one example of a(n)"

fictional finalism.

"According to Jung, knowing that a person is introverted allows us to surmise that he or she"

has the potential to be an extravert.

Freud believed that slips of the tongue

have more than one determining factor.

"Michael has a bumper sticker on his expensive luxury car that reads, The one who dies with the most toys wins. Fromm would probably argue that Michael is dominated by the"

having mode of existence.

A psychometrist constructs a new personality test. He finds that the test scores do not vary from one administration of the test to the next. He also finds that the test does not adequately measure the global concept of personality. We can categorize the test as being ________ in reliability and ________ in validity.

high; low

"Early in the twentieth century, Horney called attention to a growing trend in the United States in which individuals would do anything necessary to place themselves in a position of advantage compared to others. She named the trend"

hypercompetitiveness

"The structure of personality that represents our basic drives, needs, and wishes is called the"

id

Martina is a girl who is experiencing the Electra complex. Martina is most likely

in preschool.

"According to Horney, men s superiority to women in creative endeavors can be attributed to their"

inability to create biologically.

The primary purpose of identifying neurological structures associated with Freud s psychoanalytic concepts is to

increase the knowledge base of clinicians and enrich clinical applications.

Horney felt that a woman s concept of inferiority results from

living in a patriarchal society.

A symbol that appears in all cultures and that represents our striving for self-realization and wholeness is the

mandala

"Compared to Freudian psychoanalysis, Jung s version of psychotherapy can be described as"

more like a dialogue.

"Michelle is a psychotherapy client who has strong hostility toward her therapist, even though the therapist has done nothing to warrant such feelings. Michelle s reaction exemplifies"

negative transference.

"According to Adler, safeguarding tendencies are used most by"

neurotic people.

"Dr. Garcia is a Jungian psychotherapist; thus, she believes the ego is"

one s conscious mind.

The term family constellation refers to

one s position within the family birth order.

"According to Adler, social interest is expressed"

only if nurtured

Samantha is very optimistic and trusting. These characteristics are most likely to result from issues at which stage of Samantha s development?

oral

The basic philosophical issue of optimism versus pessimism that personality theorists consider centers on whether

people can change their personalities over time.

"Within a brief period, Ari got married and lost his job. According to Jung, he is most likely to experience dissonance regarding his"

persona

"Because he wished to avoid terms such as mind and mental, Jung referred to which of the following as the total personality?"

psyche

Ego is to id as the ________ is to the _________.

reality principle; pleasure principle

"Jennifer knows that she was punished as a child, but she cannot recall why she was punished no matter how much she tries or discusses the matter with other people. According to Freud, Jennifer s inability to remember best illustrates"

resistance

Freud is to defense mechanisms as Sullivan is to

security operations

"Maccoby s potentially new character type, ________, is highly narcissistic and reflects social changes that have occurred in the United States since the 1960s."

self-orientation

"Brian likes to deal with facts and reality, whereas Binod looks for relationships and meaning. Jungians would describe Brian as a(n) _______ and Binod as a(n) ________."

sensor; intuitor

"In comparison to Freud s theories, Horney s theories more strongly endorse feminist viewpoints and ________ as explanations of human behavior."

social forces

Sullivan conceived of anxiety as any painful feeling or emotion that may arise from organic needs or

social insecurity

The study of personality stems from two different approaches. What are these?

social psychology and learning theory

The cognitive activity that involves the use of symbols and consensual validation is the

syntaxic experience.

An experiment is a research method in which the researcher

systematically varies one factor to see if it has any effect on another factor.

"Visual symbols such as the yin/yang symbol, the cross, the atom, and the snowflake illustrate which of Jung s archetypes?"

the mandala/self

"In reaching conclusions, the ________ prefers to use logic and impersonal analysis, whereas the ________ is more concerned with personal values."

thinker; feeler

Freud believed that the primary purpose of sexuality is

to seek pleasure and reduce tension.

Sigmund Freud viewed personality as

unconscious and hidden.

"Freud s concept of unconscious forces was largely limited to ________ experiences, whereas Jung placed a greater emphasis on ________ qualities."

unique: universal

"In evaluating the usefulness of an assessment technique, the most important factor to consider is the test s"

validity.

A Freudian psychoanalyst would probably prefer to be evaluated in terms of

whether he or she helped patients to understand themselves better.

Freud is to the concept of penis envy as Horney is to the concept of

womb envy