Chapters 10-12

d.) size

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________. a.) sequence b.) quantity c.) charge d.) size

c.) enzymes

Genes provide the information needed to produce _____ in the cell. a.) glucose b.) ribosomes c.) enzymes d.) lipids

a.) ribosome

Once it exits the nucleus via the nuclear pores, this molecule travels to a cellular organelle called the __________. a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) tRNA d.) RNA polymerase e.) transcription f.) mRNA g.) translation

a.) helped explain how DNA molecules can be copied to produce identical DNA molecules

One of the critical aspects of Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA was that it __________. a.) helped explain how DNA molecules can be copied to produce identical DNA molecules b.) provided a model for our understanding of cell structure c.) described a mechanism for formation of all biological molecules d.) described a role for nitrogen in biological molecules

a.) protein activation

Protein-phosphorylating enzymes' role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. a.) protein activation b.) translation c.) protein degradation d.) regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm e.) RNA processing

b.) transcription

RNA is produced from DNA via the process of __________. a.) DNA b.) transcription c.) base d.) replication e.) RNA f.) translation

a.) extra nucleotides

RNA processing involves the addition of ________ to the ends of the RNA transcript. a.) extra nucleotides b.) untranslated regions c.) a coding segment d.) extra amino acids e.) exons

d.) cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

Restriction enzymes _________________________. a.) restrict access to the DNA of a cell b.) copy DNA c.) bind DNA together at specific nucleotide sequences d.) cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

b.) ligase

Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____. a.) helicase b.) ligase c.) single-strand binding protein d.) DNA polymerase e.) primase

b.) ligase

Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____. a.) primase b.) ligase c.) single-strand binding protein d.) DNA polymerase e.) helicase

b.) growth factor

A(n) __________ is a protein that promotes cell division. In excess, such a protein may lead to cancer. a.) oncogene b.) growth factor c.) carcinogen d.) proto-oncogene e.) tumor-suppressor gene

c.) mRNA processing ... gene regulation

A particular gene does NOT constantly churn out the same protein at all times in every cell. This is true for two reasons. First, _____ can allow one gene to produce several different proteins. Second, genes are constantly being turned on and off through the process of _____. a.) translation ... reverse transcription b.) reverse transcription ... mRNA processing c.) mRNA processing ... gene regulation d.) mRNA processing ... transcription

a.) Nothing.

A woman eats pork that is infected with African swine fever. Which of the following is most likely to happen to her? a.) Nothing. b.) She will get a full-blown case of the disease. c.) She will get a mild case of the disease. d.) She will die.

e.) tumor-suppressor gene

A(n) __________ is a gene that encodes proteins that inhibit cell division. Such proteins normally help prevent cells from becoming cancerous. a.) oncogene b.) growth factor c.) carcinogen d.) proto-oncogene e.) tumor-suppressor gene

a.) cyclic AMP

Which of these acts as a second messenger? a.) cyclic AMP b.) G-protein-linked receptor c.) protein kinase d.) G protein e.) adenylyl kinase

b.) GTTACG CAAUGC

Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides? a.) GTTACG CAATCG b.) GTTACG CAAUGC c.) GTTACG GTTACG d.) GTTACG ACCGTA e.) GTTACG UAACAU

e.) C and D

Which of these directly bind(s) to the promoter? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) C and D

a.) A

Which of these indicates an enhancer region? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) C and D

e.) all of the above are carcinogens

Which of these is NOT a carcinogen? a.) fat b.) testosterone c.) cigarette smoke d.) UV light e.) all of the above are carcinogens

b.) DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded.

Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule? a.) DNA contains five-carbon sugars, whereas RNA contains six-carbon sugars. b.) DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded. c.) DNA contains nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA contains phosphate groups. d.) DNA is a polymer composed of nucleotides, whereas RNA is a polymer composed of nucleic acids. e.) DNA contains uracil, whereas RNA contains thymine.

b.) B

Which of these is a membrane receptor? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

b.) B

Which of these is a tRNA? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

c.) D

Which of these is responsible for catalyzing the formation of an RNA primer? a.) E b.) C c.) D d.) B e.) A

a.) A

Which of these is responsible for initiating a signal transduction pathway? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

e.) C, D, and E

Which of these is(are) pyrimidines? a.) B and C b.) A, B, and C c.) A and B d.) B, C, and D e.) C, D, and E

d.) thymine

Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA? a.) uracil b.) adenine c.) cytosine d.) thymine e.) guanine

d.) deoxyribose sugar e.) thymine base h.) double-stranded

Which of these refer to DNA only? Select all that apply. a.) ribose sugar b.) nucleotides c.) phosphate d.) deoxyribose sugar e.) thymine base f.) single-stranded g.) guanine base h.) double-stranded i.) uracil base

a.) DNA

__________ serves as the molecular basis for life. a.) DNA b.) transcription c.) base d.) replication e.) RNA f.) translation

c.) a chain of nucleotides

A DNA strand is often referred to as a polynucleotide. What is a polynucleotide? a.) an individual nucleotide b.) a chain of bases c.) a chain of nucleotides d.) a chain of sugars e.) an individual base

a.) prophage

A __________ is a viral genome that has inserted itself into the genome of its host. a.) prophage b.) bacteriophage c.) virus d.) lytic cycle e.) lysogenic cycle

a.) protein

A __________ is made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, attached to one another in long chains. a.) protein b.) DNA c.) transcription d.) ribosome e.) RNA f.) translation

d.) ribosome

A __________ serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. a.) protein b.) DNA c.) transcription d.) ribosome e.) RNA f.) translation

b.) bacteriophage

A bacteriophage is a virus that specifically infects bacteria. a.) prophage b.) bacteriophage c.) virus d.) lytic cycle e.) lysogenic cycle

d.) can synthesize DNA from an RNA template

A characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that makes it different from some other RNA viruses is that it __________. a.) causes hepatitis b.) inserts into the RNA of the host c.) has a protein coat d.) can synthesize DNA from an RNA template

c.) her egg cells

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the: a.) all of her cells b.) somatic cells c.) her egg cells

b.) 300

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that codes for a single protein. Approximately how many nucleotide bases would be required to code for a protein chain that is 100 amino acids long? a.) 100 b.) 300 c.) 20 d.) 4

a.) oncogene

A gene that causes a cell to become cancerous is called a(n) __________. a.) oncogene b.) growth factor c.) carcinogen d.) proto-oncogene e.) tumor-suppressor gene

c.) It would have no effect.

A mutation that changed the third nucleotide in the DNA sequence specifying the amino acid glycine from an A to a T would have what effect? a.) It would result in termination of the polypeptide. b.) It would result in serine replacing glycine. c.) It would have no effect. d.) It would result in threonine replacing glycine.

d.) C

A nitrogenous base is indicated by the letter _____. a.) A b.) D c.) E d.) C e.) B

d.) proto-oncogene

A normal gene that, if mutated, can lead to cancer is called a(n) __________. a.) oncogene b.) growth factor c.) carcinogen d.) proto-oncogene e.) tumor-suppressor gene

a.) amplification

A protein kinase activating many other protein kinases is an example of _____. a.) amplification b.) a cellular response c.) mutualism d.) sensitization e.) deactivation

d.) lung

According to this graph, which of the following types of cancer is the deadliest? a.) skin b.) prostate c.) breast d.) lung

c.) Capturing and killing all infected wild hogs.

African swine fever is discovered in wild feral hogs in Texas. Which of the following would likely be best to control this outbreak? a.) Vaccination of all wild feral hogs. b.) Thorough disinfection of all commercial hog facilities. c.) Capturing and killing all infected wild hogs. d.) Vaccination of all farmed hogs.

a.) each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

After DNA replication is completed, _____. a.) each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand b.) there are four double helices c.) one DNA double helix consists of two old strands and one DNA double helix consists of two new strands d.) each of the four DNA strands consists of some old strand parts and some new strand parts e.) each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

c.) virus

Although generally not considered to be alive, a __________ is studied alongside other microbes such as bacteria. a.) prophage b.) bacteriophage c.) virus d.) lytic cycle e.) lysogenic cycle

e.) whole-genome shotgun

Although it was groundbreaking for its time, it is now fairly routine to completely sequence the DNA of an organism using the __________ method. a.) genomics b.) proteins c.) genetic engineering d.) Human Genome Project e.) whole-genome shotgun f.) genomes

b.) template

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand. a.) complement b.) template c.) primer d.) model e.) source of nucleotides

d.) template

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand. a.) source of nucleotides b.) complement c.) model d.) template e.) primer

a.) template

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand. a.) template b.) primer c.) complement d.) source of nucleotides e.) model

d.) cancer

An understanding of gene regulation mechanisms has led to several interesting and important applications. For example, the loss of gene regulation can result in __________, or out-of-control cell growth. a.) therapeutic cloning b.) RNA splicing c.) operons d.) cancer e.) reproductive cloning f.) gene expression

e.) reproductive cloning a.) therapeutic cloning

And __________ can produce new live individuals, while __________ can produce potentially therapeutic stem cells. a.) therapeutic cloning b.) RNA splicing c.) operons d.) cancer e.) reproductive cloning f.) gene expression

(Include a.) histone, b.) nucleosome, c.) supercoil, d.) chromosome, e.) chromatin)

Be able to label the structures in this diagram that summarizes chromosome packing.

(A-T, C-G, etc.)

Be able to label the way nucleotides pair up in replicating DNA. (A-T, C-G, etc.)

(Include double helix, phosphate group, deoxyribose, hydrogen bond, base pair, nucleotide, and nitrogenous base)

Be able to label various parts of a DNA molecule.

d.) endoplasmic reticula

Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in _____. a.) lysosomes b.) chloroplasts c.) mitochondria d.) endoplasmic reticula e.) peroxisomes

b.) Start with a sample of double-stranded DNA. d.) Heat sample to separate DNA strands. a.) DNA polymerase duplicates DNA strands. c.) Cool sample to allow DNA double helices to form.

Correctly identify the steps in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? a.) DNA polymerase duplicates DNA strands. b.) Start with a sample of double-stranded DNA. c.) Cool sample to allow DNA double helices to form. d.) Heat sample to separate DNA strands.

b.) isolate mRNA from target cells d.) produce cDNA from mRNA e.) add cDNA to microarray wells a.) rinse to remove unbound cDNA c.) examine fluorescence on microarray

Correctly sequence the steps involved in performing a DNA microarray analysis. a.) rinse to remove unbound cDNA b.) isolate mRNA from target cells c.) examine fluorescence on microarray d.) produce cDNA from mRNA e.) add cDNA to microarray wells

a.) CGTCATC

DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Suppose that a portion of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule has the sequence GCAGTAG. What is the sequence of the opposite strand? a.) CGTCATC b.) CGUCAUC c.) GATGACG d.) GCAGTAG

a.) DNA produces more of itself. b.) DNA directs the production of proteins.

DNA is considered to be the molecule of life. Which two functions make DNA uniquely suited to this role? a.) DNA produces more of itself. b.) DNA directs the production of proteins. c.) DNA is found in the nucleus. d.) DNA contains the bases A and G.

a.) DNA replication

DNA carries out two basic functions in cells: (1) information storage and transfer (genes can be copied and passed to offspring) and (2) the "blueprint" function (genes provide instructions for building proteins). The key process for information storage and transfer to offspring cells is _____. a.) DNA replication b.) transcription c.) translation d.) mRNA processing

d.) replication

DNA copies itself via the process of __________. a.) DNA b.) transcription c.) base d.) replication e.) RNA f.) translation

a.) that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands? a.) that the DNA polymerase could be denatured b.) that the DNA strands might melt c.) that the primers might not work

c.) small

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes. a.) large b.) average c.) small

d.) proteasomes

Enzyme complexes that break down protein are called _____. a.) lipases b.) ubiquitins c.) amylase d.) proteasomes e.) nucleases

a.) The data suggest that A would always pair with T and G would always pair with C in a DNA molecule.

Erwin Chargaff observed that the proportions of adenine (A) and thymine (T) bases were always equal, as were the proportion of guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Chargaff's observation suggests which of the following statements? a.) The data suggest that A would always pair with T and G would always pair with C in a DNA molecule. b.) Chargaff's observation suggests that all animals have the same amount of A, T, C, and G in their cells. c.) Chargaff's observation suggests a mechanism by which DNA can replicate itself. d.) Chargaff's observation suggests that identical bases on the two DNA strands would pair with each other--for example, A would pair with A.

b.) RNA splicing

Eukaryotes have more complex modes of control, including the packing of chromosomes, __________ (which can produce several mRNAs from a single gene), and the control of translation. a.) therapeutic cloning b.) RNA splicing c.) operons d.) cancer e.) reproductive cloning f.) gene expression

a.) 35S

Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins. a.) 35S b.) 222Ra c.) 14C d.) 92U e.) 32P

c.) ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change.

Homeostasis is a living organism's a.) ability to pump blood through the body. b.) attempt to carry out photosynthesis even when there is no sunlight present. c.) ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change. d.) attempt to cool off, even when it is cold outside. e.) ability to hibernate during cold times of the year.

d.) one

How many enzymes are typically produced from a single gene? a.) two b.) an unlimited number c.) three d.) one

c.) African swine fever will increase its infectious range.

If trends continue, which of the following will happen? a.) African swine fever will peter out. b.) African swine fever will not spread beyond its current areas of infection. c.) African swine fever will increase its infectious range. d.) African swine fever will decrease its current areas of infection.

c.) operons

In prokaryotic cells, related genes may be organized into __________, which can be turned on and off as a single unit. a.) therapeutic cloning b.) RNA splicing c.) operons d.) cancer e.) reproductive cloning f.) gene expression

d.) B

In the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter _____. a.) E b.) D c.) A d.) B e.) C

b.) The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication. c.) A specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme.

Lipase is an enzyme (a type of protein) that breaks down fats. Which of the following statements about lipase are true? Select all that apply. a.) The lipase enzyme is produced from RNA by the process of transcription. b.) The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication. c.) A specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme. d.) The RNA molecule coding for lipase is produced from DNA by the process of translation.

b.) during cell division daughter cells are genetically identical to the mother cell

New molecules of DNA are synthesized by copying the genetic sequence of another molecule of DNA, which we call the template, so that __________. a.) DNA can serve as a template for the synthesis of other polymers such as proteins and carbohydrates b.) during cell division daughter cells are genetically identical to the mother cell c.) the helical shape of DNA is conserved d.) there are two copies of each gene on a single DNA molecule

e.) 5' to 3'

Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction. a.) 5' to 1' b.) 4' to 5' c.) 2' to 3' d.) 1' to 5' e.) 5' to 3'

b.) adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

The DNA polynucleotide structure contains which one of the following? a.) sulfur b.) adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine c.) peptide bonds d.) ribose

f.) mRNA

The RNA molecule, which exits the nucleus, is a specific kind of RNA called __________. a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) tRNA d.) RNA polymerase e.) transcription f.) mRNA g.) translation

b.) exons

The RNA segments spliced to one another during RNA processing are _____. a.) caps b.) exons c.) snRNPs d.) tails e.) introns

e.) lysogenic cycle

The __________ is a viral life cycle in which the virus inserts its genome into the genome of its host, where it may remain dormant for long periods. a.) prophage b.) bacteriophage c.) virus d.) lytic cycle e.) lysogenic cycle

d.) lytic cycle

The __________ is a viral life cycle that results in bursting of the host cell. a.) prophage b.) bacteriophage c.) virus d.) lytic cycle e.) lysogenic cycle

d.) Human Genome Project

The __________ was a massive scientific undertaking meant to identify and sequence all of the genes found In a human cell. a.) genomics b.) proteins c.) genetic engineering d.) Human Genome Project e.) whole-genome shotgun f.) genomes

b.) replication forks and replication bubbles

The action of helicase creates _____. a.) DNA fragments and replication bubbles b.) replication forks and replication bubbles c.) primers and replication bubbles d.) DNA fragments and replication forks e.) primers and DNA fragments

a.) tRNA ... codon

The anticodon of an incoming __________ molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA __________ at the ribosome. a.) tRNA ... codon b.) amino acid ... structure c.) tRNA ... phosphates d.) ribosome ... protein

c.) DNA to protein

The central dogma describes how the genes in the nucleus work to produce an organism's phenotype. Another way of putting it is that the central dogma follows the flow of information from _____. a.) protein to DNA b.) protein to RNA c.) DNA to protein d.) RNA to ribosomes

b.) 5' —> 3'

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____. a.) 1' —> 5' b.) 5' —> 3' c.) 1' —> 3' d.) 3' —> 5' e.) 2' —> 4'

b.) genome

The pointer is indicating the virus's _____. a.) envelope b.) genome c.) mitochondria d.) capsid e.) microfilaments

e.) RNA

The principal role of __________ is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA out of the nucleus for the synthesis of proteins. a.) protein b.) DNA c.) transcription d.) ribosome e.) RNA f.) translation

a.) the polymerase chain reaction

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called _________________________. a.) the polymerase chain reaction b.) gel electrophoresis c.) recombinant DNA d.) short tandem repeats

d.) DNA

The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____. a.) protein coat b.) base plate c.) head d.) DNA e.) tail

e.) transcription

There, the process of __________ creates a molecule of RNA from a molecule of DNA. a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) tRNA d.) RNA polymerase e.) transcription f.) mRNA g.) translation

g.) translation

There, the sequence of nucleotides on this molecule is used to create a molecule of protein through the process called __________. a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) tRNA d.) RNA polymerase e.) transcription f.) mRNA g.) translation

b.) B

This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene. Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 1? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

c.) C

This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene. Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 2? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

b.) phage

This is an image of a _____. a.) red blood cell b.) phage c.) moneran d.) protist e.) bacterium

d.) nucleotide

This is an image of a(n) _____. a.) none of the above b.) thiol c.) nucleic acid d.) nucleotide e.) amino acid

True

True of False? Bacteria are the source of plasmids.

True

True or False? Bacteria act as microscopic protein factories.

False

True or False? The bacterial chromosome is inserted into human cells.

False

True or False? The bacterial chromosome provides genetic information for making the protein of interest.

e.) transcription

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____. a.) replication b.) infection c.) translation d.) lysis e.) transcription

e.) RNA processing

What is the function of a spliceosome? a.) protein activation b.) translation c.) protein degradation d.) regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm e.) RNA processing

e.) DNA polymerases

Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA? a.) Parental DNA b.) The leading strand c.) The lagging strand d.) The origins of replication e.) DNA polymerases

c.) a G paired with a T

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA? a.) an A paired with a T b.) a C paired with a G c.) a G paired with a T d.) all of the above are improper base pairs

e.) D

Which of these acts as a second messenger? a.) A b.) E c.) C d.) B e.) D

e.) The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT? a.) DNA ligase helps assemble the leading strand. b.) The leading strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. c.) The lagging strand is built continuously. d.) The lagging strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. e.) The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

a.) ovarian

Which type of cancer has a genetic component and is associated with a STI? a.) ovarian b.) breast c.) liver d.) skin

b.) Ebola, a hemorrhagic fever.

You work for CSIRO and have been assigned the task of working on a vaccine for African swine fever. Which of the following human diseases would likely be best for you to research due to its similarity? a.) Sickle cell disease, an inherited disorder. b.) Ebola, a hemorrhagic fever. c.) Malaria, caused by a vector-transmitted protozoan. d.) HIV, caused by a retrovirus.

b.) Pigs are vomiting and have black lesions.

You work for the United States Department of Agriculture and suspect African swine fever has made it to a hog facility in North Carolina. Which of the following would lead you to believe this? a.) Pigs are extremely bloated. b.) Pigs are vomiting and have black lesions. c.) Pigs have temporary paralysis. d.) Pigs are panting.

b.) All cells (with very few exceptions) contain the same set of genes, but the process of gene expression determines which genes are active in each cell.

Your body is composed of a dazzling array of different cell types. Each cell type develops its own unique properties. How does this happen? a.) Each cell type is provided with its own specialized set of genes during cell division. b.) All cells (with very few exceptions) contain the same set of genes, but the process of gene expression determines which genes are active in each cell. c.) The zygote contains one of each of the different cell types. These ancestor cells then divide to produce the diversity of cell types in the adult. d.) none of the above

d.) Activators

_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer regions. a.) RNA polymerase b.) Promoters c.) Introns d.) Activators e.) Exons

b.) Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+

_____ catalyzes the production of _____, which then opens an ion channel that releases _____ into the cell's cytoplasm. a.) Protein kinase ... PIP2 ... Na+ b.) Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+ c.) Phospholipase C ... cyclic AMP ... Ca2+ d.) Adenylyl cyclase ... IP3 .... Ca2+ e.) Adenylyl cyclase ... cyclic AMP ... Ca2+

a.) fat

_____ is a carcinogen that promotes colon cancer. a.) fat b.) UV light c.) estrogen d.) a virus e.) testosterone

b.) DNA

__________ is a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell, shaped like a double helix, and associated with the transmission of genetic information. a.) protein b.) DNA c.) transcription d.) ribosome e.) RNA f.) translation

c.) transcription

__________ is the first step of gene expression, during which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA. a.) protein b.) DNA c.) transcription d.) ribosome e.) RNA f.) translation

f.) translation

__________ is the process in which mRNA codons are converted into an amino acid sequence. a.) protein b.) DNA c.) transcription d.) ribosome e.) RNA f.) translation

d.) translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence

tRNA molecules work to _____. a.) transcribe DNA to mRNA b.) translate DNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence c.) transcribe the amino acid sequence to DNA d.) translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence e.) none of the above

d.) signal molecule

A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor. a.) G protein b.) tyrosine kinase c.) calmodulin d.) signal molecule e.) cyclic AMP

d.) plasmid

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome. a.) genetically modified organism b.) bacterium c.) restriction enzyme d.) plasmid

b.) each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

After DNA replication is completed, _____. a.) each of the four DNA strands consists of some old strand parts and some new strand parts b.) each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand c.) there are four double helices d.) one DNA double helix consists of two old strands and one DNA double helix consists of two new strands e.) each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

c.) 1,405

DNA fragment B consists of _____ base pairs. a.) 564 b.) 1,268 c.) 1,405 d.) 2,027 e.) 2,322

b.) T

During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA? a.) G b.) T c.) U d.) C e.) A

d.) all of the above

How do mutations affect an organism? a.) they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele b.) they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele c.) they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect d.) all of the above

c.) about 30,000

How many men died of prostate cancer in 2017? a.) about 30 b.) about 160 c.) about 30,000 d.) about 160,000

b.) emerging viruses

Human viruses that have appeared suddenly or have only recently come to the attention of medical scientists are called __________. a.) viroids b.) emerging viruses c.) bacteriophages d.) retroviruses

d.) breast

In 2017, which type of cancer received the most diagnoses? a.) lung b.) colorectal c.) ovarian d.) breast

c.) thymine ... cytosine

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand. a.) cytosine ... thymine b.) cytosine ... uracil c.) thymine ... cytosine d.) uracil ... cytosine e.) guanine ... adenine

b.) thymine ... cytosine

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand. a.) cytosine ... uracil b.) thymine ... cytosine c.) cytosine ... thymine d.) guanine ... adenine e.) uracil ... cytosine

d.) 6,557

In this example the marker DNA includes fragments that have 23,130, 9,416, 6,557, 4,361, 2,322, 2,027, and 564 base pairs. Approximately how many base pairs are in the DNA fragment indicated by the letter A? a.) 564 b.) 2,027 c.) 2,322 d.) 6,557 e.) 9,416

c.) between 6,557 and 4,361 base pairs

In this example the marker DNA includes fragments that have 23,130, 9,416, 6,557, 4,361, 2,322, 2,027, and 564 base pairs. Approximately how many base pairs are in the DNA fragment indicated by the letter B? a.) between 23,130 and 9,416 base pairs b.) between 9,416 and 6,557 base pairs c.) between 6,557 and 4,361 base pairs d.) between 4,361 and 2,322 base pairs e.) between 2,322 and 2,027 base pairs

b.) proteins

One of the interesting conclusions from this project was that only about 1.5% of human DNA encodes for proteins. a.) genomics b.) proteins c.) genetic engineering d.) Human Genome Project e.) whole-genome shotgun f.) genomes

e.) RNA

One way that RNA is different from DNA is that it contains Us instead of Ts. a.) DNA b.) transcription c.) base d.) replication e.) RNA f.) translation

c.) prokaryotes but not eukaryotes

Operons are a standard method for gene regulation in _____. a.) all organisms b.) eukaryotes but not prokaryotes c.) prokaryotes but not eukaryotes d.) E. coli, but they are rare in other organisms

f.) translation

Proteins are produced from RNA via the process of __________. a.) DNA b.) transcription c.) base d.) replication e.) RNA f.) translation

b.) replication forks and replication bubbles

The action of helicase creates _____. a.) primers and replication bubbles b.) replication forks and replication bubbles c.) DNA fragments and replication bubbles d.) DNA fragments and replication forks e.) primers and DNA fragments

e.) replication forks and replication bubbles

The action of helicase creates _____. a.) DNA fragments and replication forks b.) primers and DNA fragments c.) DNA fragments and replication bubbles d.) primers and replication bubbles e.) replication forks and replication bubbles

a.) DNA ligase.

The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is a.) DNA ligase. b.) the replication fork. c.) DNA polymerase. d.) the leading strand. e.) RNA.

b.) nucleus

The cellular processes that results in the production of protein begin in the __________, where the DNA resides. a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) tRNA d.) RNA polymerase e.) transcription f.) mRNA g.) translation

d.) RNA polymerase

The enzyme that performs this process is called __________. a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) tRNA d.) RNA polymerase e.) transcription f.) mRNA g.) translation

(Include a.) plasmid, b.) gene of interest, c.) recombinant plasmid, d.) recombinant bacterium, 1.) gene inserted into plasmid, 2.) plasmid put into bacterial cell, 3.) recombinant bacteria cloned, 4.) gene or protein of interest isolated)

The figure shows how recombinant technology can be used to make useful products. Can you identify the structures and processes?

c.) helicase

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____. a.) DNA polymerase b.) ligase c.) helicase d.) single-strand binding protein e.) primase

a.) helicase

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____. a.) helicase b.) single-strand binding protein c.) ligase d.) primase e.) DNA polymerase

c.) from DNA to RNA to protein

The flow of information in a cell proceeds __________. a.) from the environment to DNA b.) from RNA to DNA to protein c.) from DNA to RNA to protein d.) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus

a.) the order of the nucleotides in the molecule

The information carried by a DNA molecule is in __________. a.) the order of the nucleotides in the molecule b.) the total number of nucleotides it contains c.) the sugars and phosphates forming its backbone d.) its amino acid sequence

d.) P

The initiator tRNA attaches at the ribosome's _____ site. a.) A b.) translocation c.) E d.) P e.) Q

d.) regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm

The nuclear membrane's role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. a.) protein activation b.) translation c.) protein degradation d.) regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm e.) RNA processing

c.) base

There are five examples of a base: A, G, C, T, and U. a.) DNA b.) transcription c.) base d.) replication e.) RNA f.) translation

a.) genomics f.) genomes

This is just one example of __________, the branch of biology that studies whole __________, which are the complete sets of DNA found within organisms. a.) genomics b.) proteins c.) genetic engineering d.) Human Genome Project e.) whole-genome shotgun f.) genomes

c.) tRNA

This process is helped along by molecules of __________, each of which recognizes one nucleotide triplet and carries the corresponding amino acid. a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) tRNA d.) RNA polymerase e.) transcription f.) mRNA g.) translation

b.) the promoter associated with the target gene

To begin the process of gene transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to _____. a.) the gene that will be transcribed b.) the promoter associated with the target gene c.) the operator associated with the target gene d.) none of the above

d.) RNA polymerase binds to a promoters on DNA initiating transcription. b.) RNA polymerase peels open the double helix of DNA, with one strand serving as a template for the formation of RNA. a.) The RNA transcript is processed to remove segments that do not encode for amino acids and to splice together those that do. c.) mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.

Transcription is the cellular process that involves the transfer of information from DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). (Put these steps in order.) a.) The RNA transcript is processed to remove segments that do not encode for amino acids and to splice together those that do. b.) RNA polymerase peels open the double helix of DNA, with one strand serving as a template for the formation of RNA. c.) mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. d.) RNA polymerase binds to a promoters on DNA initiating transcription.

a.) cytoplasm

Translation occurs in the _____. a.) cytoplasm b.) lysosome c.) nucleus d.) mitochondrion e.) nucleoplasm

b.) not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction.

Viruses are a.) alive because they often contain DNA. b.) not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction. c.) alive because they mutate and change over time through evolution. d.) not alive because they can only carry out photosynthesis and not cellular respiration.

a.) phosphate groups c.) sugars e.) nitrogenous bases

What are the chemical components of a DNA molecule? Select all that apply. a.) phosphate groups b.) proteins c.) sugars d.) amino acids e.) nitrogenous bases

c.) phosphate d.) sugar f.) nitrogenous base

What are the main components of a nucleotide? Select all that apply. a.) oxygen b.) DNA c.) phosphate d.) sugar e.) phospholipid f.) nitrogenous base

b.) DNA is a helix.

What did Rosalind Franklin's famous photo 51 show? a.) Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. b.) DNA is a helix. c.) Complementary DNA bases pair with one another (A with T and G with C). d.) DNA is replicated by making identical copies of each strand.

b.) making bacteria that can clean up toxic waste c.) making crops that are pest-resistant d.) making proteins that are useful as medicines

Which of the following are applications of recombinant DNA technology? Select all that apply. a.) making clones of animals b.) making bacteria that can clean up toxic waste c.) making crops that are pest-resistant d.) making proteins that are useful as medicines

b.) a cell membrane

Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses? a.) nucleic acids b.) a cell membrane c.) genetic material d.) proteins

c.) DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE? a.) The two strands of parental DNA are separated during DNA replication. b.) Because the two strands of parental DNA run in opposite directions, the new strands must be made in different ways. c.) DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand. d.) DNA polymerase builds a new strand by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time. e.) The lagging strand is made of a series of pieces that must be joined together to make a continuous strand.

a.) Hershey and Chase

Who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage? a.) Hershey and Chase b.) Franklin c.) Watson and Crick d.) Darwin and Wallace e.) Meselson and Stahl

c.) each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

After DNA replication is completed, _____. a.) there are four double helices b.) each of the four DNA strands consists of some old strand parts and some new strand parts c.) each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand d.) one DNA double helix consists of two old strands and one DNA double helix consists of two new strands e.) each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

c.) labeled DNA ... DNA

After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's genetic material. a.) labeled DNA ... labeled protein b.) labeled protein ... DNA c.) labeled DNA ... DNA d.) labeled protein .... protein e.) labeled DNA .... protein

f.) gene expression

All organisms must regulate __________ by turning genes on and off in different cells at different times. a.) therapeutic cloning b.) RNA splicing c.) operons d.) cancer e.) reproductive cloning f.) gene expression

d.) thymine ... cytosine

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand. a.) guanine ... adenine b.) cytosine ... uracil c.) uracil ... cytosine d.) thymine ... cytosine e.) cytosine ... thymine

c.) heating

In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___. a.) treatment with an acid b.) treatment with a strong base c.) heating d.) adding alcohol

b.) 1' ... 5'

In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon. a.) 1' ... 3' b.) 1' ... 5' c.) 1' ... 2' d.) 2' ... 3' e.) 2' ... 1'

a.) Genes are located on chromosomes. b.) Chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid. d.) Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.

In the 1950s, when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well accepted by the scientific community? Select all that apply. a.) Genes are located on chromosomes. b.) Chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid. c.) Genes are made of DNA. d.) Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.

d.) RNA polymerase

In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____. a.) RNA b.) DNA c.) transcription factors d.) RNA polymerase e.) the promoter

e.) the promoter

In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____. a.) RNA b.) DNA c.) transcription factors d.) RNA polymerase e.) the promoter

b.) DNA

In the diagram below, the two blue strands represent _____. a.) RNA b.) DNA c.) transcription factors d.) RNA polymerase e.) the promoter

a.) liver e.) lymphoma

Infection by a virus increases the risk of developing which of the following forms of cancer? Select all that apply. a.) liver b.) lung c.) ovarian d.) colorectal e.) lymphoma f.) breast

c.) phosphate group

The letter A indicates a _____. a.) nucleotide b.) none of the above c.) phosphate group d.) nitrogenous base e.) sugar

b.) ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.

The site of translation is a.) ribosomes in the cell nucleus. b.) ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. c.) the Golgi apparatus. d.) the plasma membrane. e.) the cell nucleus.

c.) RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____. a.) Okazaki fragment b.) short pieces of DNA c.) RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand d.) single-strand binding protein e.) poly(A) tail

c.) RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____. a.) single-strand binding protein b.) Okazaki fragment c.) RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand d.) short pieces of DNA e.) poly(A) tail

d.) CUG

The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____. a.) CAG b.) CTG c.) GAC d.) CUG e.) TCG

a.) DNA can be replicated by making complementary copies of each strand. c.) DNA can change. Errors in copying can result in changes in the DNA sequence that could be inherited by future generations. d.) DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its bases.

What did the structure of DNA's double helix suggest about DNA's properties? Select all that apply. a.) DNA can be replicated by making complementary copies of each strand. b.) DNA is found in the nucleus. c.) DNA can change. Errors in copying can result in changes in the DNA sequence that could be inherited by future generations. d.) DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its bases.

d.) separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction? a.) separation of DNA strands; use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; addition of primers b.) addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA; DNA strand separation c.) use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; separation of DNA strands; addition of primers d.) separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

d.) By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.

What role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway? a.) By binding to a plasma membrane receptor it initiates a cascade. b.) It relays a signal from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. c.) It activates relay proteins. d.) By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene. e.) It is a plasma membrane protein that binds signal molecules.

c.) a prion

What type of infectious agent causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans? a.) a viroid b.) a virus c.) a prion d.) provirus

b.) When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze

When is PCR particularly applicable? a.) When speed is important but accuracy is not b.) When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze c.) When there are large quantities of DNA to analyze d.) When the accuracy is important, but speed is not

c.) mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.

Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? a.) Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. b.) A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. c.) mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. d.) Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. e.) Segments of RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected.

c.) A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Which of the following events occurs during transcription? a.) The message in mRNA is translated into a protein. b.) Those segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. c.) A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. d.) A cap is added to the RNA molecule. e.) mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

c.) creating energy

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things? a.) having DNA as a genetic code b.) being capable of reproduction c.) creating energy d.) responding to stimuli e.) exhibiting complex organization

a.) mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.

Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA? a.) mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing. b.) mRNA binds directly to amino acids during translation. c.) mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm. d.) Segments of mRNA that code for protein are removed before translation. e.) mRNA includes a cap that consists of extra adenine nucleotides.

d.) a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism? a.) a bacterium found with a plasmid that provides protection against an antibiotic b.) Dolly, the cloned sheep c.) a "test-tube" baby produced via in vitro fertilization d.) a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

b.) The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses.

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? a.) If a virus mutates, the immune system may not recognize the virus. b.) The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses. c.) People can get colds and flus again because the viruses are constantly mutating. d.) Vaccines are available to prevent several diseases caused by viruses.

a.) ribose sugar f.) single-stranded i.) uracil base

Which of these refer to RNA only? Select all that apply. a.) ribose sugar b.) nucleotides c.) phosphate d.) deoxyribose sugar e.) thymine base f.) single-stranded g.) guanine base h.) double-stranded i.) uracil base

b.) nucleotides c.) phosphate g.) guanine base

Which of these refer to both DNA and RNA? Select all that apply. a.) ribose sugar b.) nucleotides c.) phosphate d.) deoxyribose sugar e.) thymine base f.) single-stranded g.) guanine base h.) double-stranded i.) uracil base

e.) DNA

Which one of the following does not play a role in translation? a.) Ribosomes b.) tRNA c.) Amino acids d.) Anticodon e.) DNA

a.) The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 1.

Why is Suspect 1 considered more likely to have committed the crime than Suspect 2? a.) The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 1. b.) The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 2. c.) Suspect 1 and the victim have more DNA fragments in common that do the victim and Suspect 2. d.) Suspect 2 and the victim have more DNA fragments in common that do the victim and Suspect 1. e.) Suspect 1 and Suspect 2 have more DNA fragments in common than either have in common with the victim.

a.) The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small.

Why is combination drug therapy for HIV/AIDS less likely to lead to resistance than single drug therapy? a.) The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small. b.) The drugs improve the immune system so that it is better able to find and remove virus particles. c.) In the presence of multiple drugs, the mutation rate of HIV decreases. d.) There are fewer side effects associated with combination drug therapy, and the appearance of resistance is directly related to the severity of side effects.

a.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? a.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction b.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 3' to 5' direction c.) it is more efficient than assembling complete new strands d.) only short DNA sequences can extend off the RNA primers e.) the replication forks block the formation of longer strands

d.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? a.) the replication forks block the formation of longer strands b.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 3' to 5' direction c.) it is more efficient than assembling complete new strands d.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction e.) only short DNA sequences can extend off the RNA primers

b.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? a.) the replication forks block the formation of longer strands b.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction c.) it is more efficient than assembling complete new strands d.) only short DNA sequences can extend off the RNA primers e.) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 3' to 5' direction

a.) block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the operator

Within an operon, repressors _____. a.) block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the operator b.) block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the promoter c.) block mRNA translation by attaching to the mRNA for a specific gene d.) block gene transcription to RNA by attaching directly to the gene itself

c.) sugar with two, and not three, oxygen atoms

You can tell that this is an image of a DNA nucleotide and not an RNA nucleotide because you see a _____. a.) thymine nitrogenous base, not a uracil nitrogenous base b.) phosphate group, not a uracil c.) sugar with two, and not three, oxygen atoms d.) double-stranded molecule, not a single-stranded molecule e.) uracil nitrogenous base, not a thymine nitrogenous base

d.) the wild-type Neurospora could grow in any of these conditions

You have grown Neurospora under a variety of conditions listed below. You are trying to find a wild-type variety. Neurospora growing on which of these media could possibly be of the wild type? a.) minimal media b.) complex media c.) minimal media supplemented with amino acids d.) the wild-type Neurospora could grow in any of these conditions