Chapters 12-17

What type of skeleton-and-skin construction method is this?

Balloon frame

In ancient Mesopotamia, a(n) _____ was associated with kingly power, and was often seen in sculptures depicting rulers.

Lion

When did artists working in traditional "craft" media begin to claim their place in the fine arts world?

1960s

What was Duccio primarily concerned with while working on Christ Entering Jerusalem, which is a detail of Maestà Altar?

Creating a believable space in an outdoor setting

Which innovations made balloon-frame construction practical?

-Improved milling lumber techniques -Mass-produced nails

In which Greek art period were the kouroi and korai figures created?

Archaic

In the 1960s the link between design and manufacturing using computer technology was pioneered by which industries?

Automotive, aeronautic, and electronics

What are the two main components of CAD/CAM?

Digital technology and computer-driven technology

What is fiber?

Pliable, threadlike strand

Our sense of community is strengthened by having access to what area?

Public spaces

What era of peoples first made use of fabric architecture?

Stone Age

What can be concluded about the period known as the Renaissance based on the role of the arts during that time?

The identities and influences of patrons played a larger role in the production of art.

During the mid-19th century the experimental use of ______ as a building material allowed for breakthroughs in the development of the skeleton-and-skin structural system.

Cast-iron

Many Renaissance artists began sculptural works by creating figure out of clay, they then draped clay-soaked fabric over the figure. After the clay dried they used the resulting model as the basis for a final marble copy. Which Renaissance artist may have invented that technique?

Donatello

What is incorrect about this description? Rembrandt contributed much to the art world. He not only mastered sculpture but also painting, drawing and etching. He was skilled in portraits, landscapes, and religious scenes.

He was not skilled in sculpture.

When glass is heated, it becomes ______, or melted.

Molten

A circular opening at the top of a dome is called the ______.

Oculus

Prior to the time known as Western art, what period began around 9,000 B.C.E. and continued over 4,000 years?

Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Period evolved to the New Stone Age or Neolithic Period.

What does the keystone do?

Supports the downward and outward thrust of the rounded arch

To what is green architecture largely a response?

The unsustainable cost of industrialization

Why were jade, ivory, and lacquer prized by numerous cultures?

Their rarity

Bernini's St. Teresa in Ecstasy in the centerpiece of Cornaro Chapel. What story and baroque characteristics did this sculpture focus on?

There is a theatrical appearance to this mystic who founded and order of nuns and was known for communicating with angels, while in trances.

What is the purpose of green architecture?

To create a healthier and less wasteful human habitat

True or false: Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello's teacher, was the first to design figures an architecture piece on the same scale so that the images in the foreground would look larger than those in the distance.

True

True or false: Lyres from Mesopotamian times feature stories about heroic epics although the exact meaning is unclear.

True

True or false: The Romans made marble copies of Greek bronze statues.

True

True or false: The periods of Gothic art and Renaissance art overlap.

True

As represented in the fresco The Lamentation, Giotto became known for pioneering which technique?

Use of space

What characteristics in Bronzino's Allegory, made it difficult for scholars to understand the allegory taking place?

-There were too many figures in the artwork doing different things that were unusual, as in a man grabbing his head and a girl holding a sponge. -There was a forbidden undertone in the painting. Venus and Cupid were mother and son, yet the interactions suggested a different relationship.

Which substance is made from silica, or sand, which can be heated, shaped, cooled, and reheated?

Glass

Which style of architecture was created when the French abbot Suger remodeled his church with the goal of having the church reach heavenward and the interior be filled with light?

Gothic

Who were the first to speculate on the nature and purpose of art?

Greek Philosophers

Who was the most prominent advocate for the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States?

Gustav Stickley

The Babylonian's ____ ____ is the only complete legal code to survive from the ancient world.

Hammurabi Code

How did Caravaggio create an emotional impact which involved the church parishioners and the priest?

He placed the painting so that the head of the priest is eye level with the slab.

An artistic trend reflected in a fondness for elaborate or obscure subject matter in which critics described as a negative reaction against the balance and order used in the Renaissance is ______.

Mannerism

During the Middle Ages, most of the great churches and cathedrals, including the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, were built in response to the popularity of ______.

Pilgrimages

Reinforced-concrete construction is most similar to the ______ structural system.

Shell

_____ construction was developed to allow for the fabrication of tall buildings not possible using balloon-frame techniques.

Steel-frame

Referred to as the "Renaissance man," someone who could do anything, which artist produced the masterpiece The Last Supper?

Leonardo

Why do artists using lacquer need to exercise great patience?

Lacquer requires many layers to make a solid coat.

Of what is the nonporous, glass-like surface on ceramics created by firing the glazing made?

Powdered minerals and water

______ allow the height of a vault to be increased dramatically without necessitating a wider base.

Pointed arches

What period of art history is most closely associated with a revived interest in the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome?

The Renaissance

In what ways did portraits portray women's fertility in continuing their families' lineage?

-Flowers were placed near the abdomen. -Arms were folded.

When was the Babylonian empire established by the Amorites?

1830 B.C.E.

What is entasis?

A slight bulge in columns

Where has some some of the best-preserved, earliest-surviving, Christian art has been found?

Burial chambers

The technique of melting metal to a liquid state and pouring it into a mold is called ______.

Casting

______ ______ are relatively lightweight, amazingly strong, and built with prefabricated modules, all of which allows for quick and inexpensive construction.

Geodesic domes

Which metals may be forged cold?

Gold

Which was an innovation of the ancient Egyptian Chair of Hetepheres?

It was portable with armrests.

Which Baroque characteristics were common in the religious paintings of the 17th century?

-Strong contrast of light areas and shadows -Emphasis on emotions -Intense theatricality

Why was Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun requested to paint Marie-Antoinette and her children?

-The citizens looked at the portrait of the Queen in her muslin dress without favor. It did not depict Roman family values. -It was hoped that this portrait would portray her as a devoted and beloved mother.

How does Donatello's David show the celebration of the new era in its style?

-The new style reflected ancient Roman and Greek art to be full round and naturally proportioned. This reflects the new style. -The full round male nude body stands in contrapposto and is in perfect proportion. David's stern face and body are expressive and shows confidence.

Which sites contain Paleolithic art?

-Willendorf -Lascaux Cave -Chauvet Cave

For what reasons can we assume that only a small fraction of the wooden objects created over time still survive?

-Wood is an organic material. -Wood is susceptible to water. -Wood is susceptible to insects. -Wood is susceptible to fire.

Which 20th-century artist was inspired by Cycladic art?

Alberto Giacometti

The _____ era of 17th and 18th century art is full of emotion, energy, and movement. Works of art are characterized by the use of bright colors, extreme contrast of light and dark, and rich ornamentation.

Baroque

What structural feature reinforces and supports the outward thrusts of arches from the outside?

Buttresses

What type of church architecture was favored in the Christian east?

Central-plan

Which features of this work rely on rows of stones that extend over each other until the opening is bridged?

Corbelled domes

To emphasize the importance of the heavenly realm over the ______ realm, Byzantine art became flattened and somewhat stylized.

Earthly

True or false: Concrete was invented during the late 19th century as a cheap and easily transportable material.

False

What culture is most closely associated with the use of corbelled architectural elements?

Indian

For the ancient Olmecs, what was jade?

It represented plant life and rainwater.

What is the primary drawback of post-and-lintel architecture?

Its limitation to span relatively large open spaces

What is a krater?

Vessel used for wine

In what ways does being hollow help a ceramic object?

-It is hard to fire solid clay, which might explode in the kiln. -Most ceramics are meant to hold things.

Matthias Grunewald's depiction of the Crucifixion is in keeping with the Northern common tradition of showing extreme agony, which is shown through what means?

-Mary Magdalene is weeping. -Christ's hands are reaching outward in an effort to relieve the pain. -Christ's feet are bent inward as if to relieve the pressure of the hanging body.

Which are common architectural features of Christian churches?

-Naves -Apses -Clerestories

Ziggurats were designed to be a symbolic mountaintop, which could be seen for miles around. For whom were they designed?

-Priests -Priestesses

What are the characteristics of the Cycladic statuette of a woman in terms of elements and style?

-Simplified -Abstract -Geometric

_____ is the name for sun dried brick used as an architectural building material.

Adobe

Appearances of sculptures changed during the Renaissance beginning with Donatello, a first generation Renaissance artist. Gothic sculptors carved exactly what they saw from the model's face, clothing and limbs. Donatello thought that the nude body must be considered first in order to provide a framework for the piece. What did this process involve?

Carving a body in clay and draping clay-soaked linen over it, arranging the folds as the fabric dried

When a fire destroyed the Chartres Cathedral in 1194, the rebuilt cathedral featured a larger ______ and ______, as shown in this floor plan, compared to those at Sainte-Foy.

Choir; ambulatory

To accurately portray the human body, what did some artists do to study human form?

Dissected cadavers

What did the successors of Constantine do?

Established Christianity as the official state religion

True or false: Women could not succeed as professional artist during the Baroque era.

False

Besides being know as an accomplished portrait painter, what one event in Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun's life led the way for other women to gain prestige in the artistic community?

In 1778 she gained acceptance into the French Royal Academy.

What does the use of the bracket set and the stepped truss system do in Eastern architecture?

It distributes the weight of the roof evenly across a series of columns.

What can be inferred about modern architecture due to the advent of new technologies and materials?

It is better equipped to respond to community and environmental needs

In a skeleton-and-skin system, what is the support structure of a building?

It is contained inside more fragile outer layers and is generally not visible.

What was the edict that the Roman emperor Constantine issued in the year 313?

It proclaimed tolerance for all religions.

What is the effect of Caravaggio's depiction of the stone slab covering Christ's tomb?

It projects forward directly involving viewers in the action of scene.

During the Renaissance, in order to promote the family, along with the safety of their lineage, ____ were used.

Portraits

In contrast to Greek naturalism, what style did the Roman sculptures possess?

Realism

Leon Battista Alberti designed the interior of which church?

Sant'Andrea Mantua

What does a Dutch genre painting feature?

Scenes of everyday life

Mastery of the human form and an elevated literary subject signaled that Artemisia would be a history painter. What work of this artist features a female nude and depicts a biblical story?

Susanna and the Elders

Rembrandt is credited with what innovation found in Dutch Baroque art?

The incorporation of individual portraits within the context of a larger activity

Who are these people in the scene? Why are some people highlighted with light and others not?

Various individuals; those who paid more were highlighted

What did the Sumerians leave behind in addition to artifacts?

Writing system

Why did Italy emerge as the home of the Renaissance?

-Banking had developed due to power city-states which engaged in extensive trade. -An important part of the arts was the Church which was centered around Italy. -The Middle Ages brought chaos to many areas. Italy economy was one of the first to recover.

What meanings does the Greek word kouroi (singular kouros) have?

-Boys -Youths

Which types of materials are suitable in the construction of load-bearing architecture?

-Brick -Ice blocks -Adobe -Stone

Michelangelo controlled the huge ceiling vault by creating illusionistic architecture. Through which means did he accomplish this?

-By painting the lintels, cornices, pedestals and supporting sculptural figures to look like stone -By creating a large grid by separating the surface into discreet zones

Which are characteristics of 17th and 18th century European landscape paintings?

-De-emphasis of people -Depiction of the immensity of the natural world -Focus on architecture

What do we know about this late 15th or early 16th century ivory vessel?

-It resembles a large European drinking glass, a goblet. -It was created by sculptor of the Sapi culture in present day Sierra Leon, west Africa. -It was designed to hold salt.

What statements describe the philosophy of humanism?

-It revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman scholars. -It focused on the abilities and accomplishments of mankind.

What is one reason that Christians were persecuted in the Roman Empire?

Christians would not worship the gods and goddesses that were recognized by the state religion.

The Early Renaissance in Italy produced a well-known sculptor named Donatello. What is one of the works he created?

David

What did monarchs of Europe do during the 17th and 18th centuries?

-Their influence dominated the social and cultural affairs of the time. -They governed as virtual dictators.

Which of the following are examples of nomadic dwellings involving fabric architecture?

-Yurts -Tents

What set includes common community buildings?

Schools, courthouses, libraries, and hospitals

True or False: Macaccio used linear perspective in order to show architectural space for the figures in Trinity with the Virgin.

True

When deciding on the structural system for a building, ______ and ______ are the first considerations.

Weight; tensile strength

In a vaulted church, each rectangular division of space, consisting of one groin vault, is called a ______.

Bay

In the Middle Ages, texts that were richly decorate and illustrated were described as being ______.

Illuminated

By what is the weight of a suspension bridge primarily supported?

A series of steel cables

This ivory vessel from Sierra Leone combines ____ and _____ forms and imagery.

African, European

The Romanesque Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy was one of the earliest churches modified to include aisles that line the transept and a(n) ______ to help visitors circulate freely.

Ambulatory

In northern Europe, artists continued to work in the Gothic style until which century?

Early 16th century

Which architect used digital design and fabrication to create works such as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao?

Frank Gehry

R. Buckminster Fuller developed the ______ ______.

Geodesic dome

How was this Chinese jade basin carved?

In high relief

What historical event threatened the future of handmade craft objects?

Industrial Revolution

This purse cover features animal-style images and ______, which are intricately woven bands.

Interlace

The territory that was ruled from Constantinople until its defeat by ______ forces in 1453 changed many times over the centuries.

Islamic

The Sphinx is thought to have the head of which pharaoh?

Khafre

What is the scene depicting Christ's followers mourning his death known as?

Lamentation

What is one task of a designer?

To translate technological advances into aesthetically pleasing objects

Suspension techniques are most closely associated with the construction of ______.

Bridges

Used in building skyscrapers, ______ construction uses a metal cage to support a decorative exterior of another material such as glass, masonry, or stone.

Steel-frame

Which two cultures are referenced when using the word classical?

-Ancient Greece -Ancient Rome

Upon entering Santa Maria Novella, in Florence and seeing Masaccio's Trinity and the Virgin, what illusions are present?

-Due to Masaccio's using a vanishing point in his composition, the illusion of actually viewing this sacred scene in person seems a reality. -Masaccio has created the illusion that the sacred scene is really present before them by using linear perspective.

Which of the following is true of the ivory trade?

-It severely impacted the world's elephant population. -It was a global network that once moved ivory around the globe.

What aspects are unusual about Sandro Botticelli's Primavera when it was created?

-It uses unusual linear style and shallow modeling. -It displayed nude figures that were not seen at the time.

The Medici circle appreciated Botticelli's unusual linear style and shallow modeling. What was the Medici circle, and why were they important?

-It was a group of humanist scholars and artists who met to discuss Classical culture and its relationship to Christianity. -Due to this group's reconciliation, a new philosophy arose called Neo-Platonism, after the Greek philosopher Plato.

For what reasons did the basilica become an obvious choice from which to design the basic structure of a church?

-Its open structure could hold many people. -The space naturally focused the attention of visitors on an altar.

For what reasons have artists and patrons adopted ivory as a material?

-Ivory is a resilient material. -It is a luxury material. -It is a easy carve intricate designs in ivory.

This musical instrument found in a queen's burial was a featured what characteristics?

-Limestone -Gold bull's head -Shell -Lapis lazuli

What main purposes did the Limbourgs' illuminated prayer book known as Les Très Riches Heures serve?

-Lives of nobility and peasantry -Daily devotion

Which monarchs ruled their countries as virtual dictators during The Age of Kings?

-Maria Theresa of Austria -Catherine the Great of Russia -King Louis of France

What architectural characteristics did abbot Suger employ at Saint-Denis that came define Gothic style?

-Stained glass windows -Pointed arches -Ribbed vaults

What characteristics best describe art of the Baroque era?

-Works of art were embellished with ornamentation -Artists used strong contrasts between lights and dark.

In contrast with the dynamic compositions of Italian Baroque painting, what did Nicolas Poussin's compositions present?

A focus on horizontal and vertical lines

Which pharaoh changed Egyptian culture from polytheism to monotheism during the Amarna period?

Akhenaten

According to Gustav Stickley, in industrial design, the role of a(n) _______ is to design an object that can be made by industrial methods.

Artist

What was the 19th-century movement that promoted the handmade object and held exhibitions of pottery, textiles, and woodworking?

Arts and Crafts movement

Gentle pastels used in the Rococo period are clearly opposite of the bold intense colors of the era known as ______.

Baroque

The ______ illustrates the Norman Conquest of 1066 in 72 separate episodes that have helped scholars learn more about the events that took place.

Bayeaux Tapestry

Why is the Bayeux Tapestry called an embroidery?

Because colored yarns were sewn onto a woven background

The Church of San Carolo alle Quattro Fontane is famous for the use of ovals in its design. Which artist created this work and died before the facade was completed?

Borromini

The decorative ornament on the ceiling of a dome, which also serves to lessen the weight, is known as ______.

Coffering

What baroque quality can be seen in Gianlorenzo Bernini's St. Theresa in Ecstacy?

Dramatic use of shadows

What did the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London do?

Established the success of cast-iron as a building material

The plan of Leon Battista Alberti's church Sant'Andrea in Mantua recalls examples found in the architecture of which ancient culture?

Rome

During which period of Greek history did Rome become prominent?

Hellenistic

Which animal was most often found in art associated with martial aspects of ancient Greece and Rome?

Horse

How are the characteristics of French Baroque different from the Baroque period in Italy?

Originally Italian Baroque art was full of emotion, energy, movement and theatrical; however, it changed in each country.

What did the prominence of Protestantism during the 17th century in the Netherlands mean?

Religious imagery and ornate churches were less prominent in artworks.

What is the term Rococo, an extension on the word Baroque, French for?

Rocks and shells

In ancient Greece, sculpture, painting and architecture were described as "things requiring a special body of knowledge or skill to make," or _____.

Techne

Fibers lend themselves to a variety of techniques, and the resulting material is called a _____.

Textile

What is the difference between the Classical period and the generic term classical when it refers to art?

The Classical period is a specific period, whereas the term classical encompasses all of Greek and Roman art.

What did the mismatched towers and spires of Chartres Cathedral help illustrate?

The evolution of Gothic style

Some funerary portraits were attached to the _____ of those depicted.

Tombs

Referring to ceramics, textiles, metalwork, and woodwork as applied arts suggests that these objects are merely ______.

Utilitarian